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Block 7 - GI > Pathology 2 > Flashcards

Pathology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the mechanisms of drug and toxin related liver injury?

A

direct hepatocyte toxicity - acetaminophen, Amanita phalloides, mushroom
Hepatic injury induced inflammation - alcohol
Hepatic conversion of drugs to active toxins
immune mediated injury - granulomatous

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2
Q

What are examples of dose dependent drug toxins to liver?

A

acetaminophen
chemo
Amanita toxin

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3
Q

What are examples of idiosyncratic drug toxins to liver?

A

antibiotics

isoniazid

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4
Q

What are the different patterns of vascular disease in the liver?

A

sinusoidal obstruction syndrome = veno-occlusive disease - chemotherapy, bush tea
Budd-Chiari syndrome = hepatic vein thrombosis - OCPs
Peliosis hepatis - anabolic steroids and tamoxifen

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5
Q

What are the different patterns of tumors in the liver?

A

hepatic adenoma - OCPs, anabolic steroids
HCC - aflatoxin, thorotrast
cholangiocarcinoma - thorotrast
angiosarcoma - thorotrast, vinyl chloride

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6
Q

What are the 3 different kinds of alcoholic liver disease?

A

steatosis = fatty liver - 90-100% heavy drinkers
alcoholic hepatitis/steatohepatitis - 10-35%
progressive livery injury and dev of cirrhosis - 8-20% of those who dev steatohepatitis
HCC in 3-6% of alcoholic hepatitis

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7
Q

What effects lead to the development of alcoholic steatosis?

A

hepatocytes take up fatty acids that alcohol mobilizes from adipocytes - fatty acid oxidation is reduced and assembly and secretion of lipoproteins by VLDL impaired

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8
Q

What is theorized to cause most of the deleterious effects of alcohol on the liver?

A

acetaldehyde and its metabolites - induce lipid peroxidation, bind to proteins, affect tubulin –> Mallory bodies, mitochondria and membranes, ROS formed

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9
Q

How is alcohol metabolized by the liver?

A

degraded by alcohol DH, p450, and catalase

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10
Q

What are the histopathologic features of alcoholic steatohepatitis?

A

steatosis, ballooning degeneration, hepatocyte dropout/necrosis, Mallory bodies (int filaments), inflammatory infiltrates, fibrosis

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11
Q

What are the histopathologic features of alcoholic cirrhosis?

A

indistinguishable from other forms of end stage

steatosis and mallory bodies lost

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12
Q

What are non alcoholic steatosis and NASH associated with?

A

“metabolic syndrome” - obesity, type II diabetes, HTN, dyslipidemias, insulin resistance

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13
Q

What mechanisms cause accumulation of triglycerides in hepatocytes in NAFLD?

A

impaired oxidation of fatty acids
increased synthesis and uptake of fatty acids
decreased hepatic secretion of VLDL

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14
Q

What are two things that NAFLD/NASH can cause?

A

cryptogenic cirrhosis

incidental elevated aminotransferases

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15
Q

What are the serologic features of autoimmune hepatitis?

A

primarily in women
autoantibodies - anti nuclear, anti smooth muscle, anti liver/kidney microsomal, soluble liver/liver-pancreas antibodies, elevated IgG

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16
Q

What does the histologic picture of autoimmune hepatitis look like and what are important exceptions?

A

like chronic viral hepatitis

prominent interface hepatitis and plasma cell rich inflammatory infiltrate

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17
Q

What are causes of secondary hemochromatosis?

A

parenteral iron overload from transfusions and renal failure
ineffective erythropoiesis - beta thalassemia, sideroblastic anemia, myelodysplastic syndrome
increased oral intake
chronic liver disease

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18
Q

What lab findings are present in hemochromatosis?

A

elevated transferrin saturation (>50%)

hepatic iron index (2 is primary hemochromatosis)

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19
Q

What is alpha1antitrypsin?

A

serine protease inhibitor, esp neutrophil elastase

synthesized in liver

20
Q

How is accumulated AAT visible?

A

eosinophilic, globular material in lysosomes in cytoplasm of hepatocytes
PAS+

21
Q

What other conditions are adults with primary hemochromatosis at risk for?

A 
HCC
endocrine insufficiency
cardiac disease
arthritis
skin pigmentation
22
Q

Where does copper accumulate in Wilsons?

A

liver and brain, cornea (Kayser-Fleischer rings), kidneys, bones, joints, endocrine glands, urine, look for glycogenated nuclei

23
Q

What are hemangiomas?

A

single, localized tumors of benign vascular channels separated by collagenous stroma

24
Q

What is focal nodular hyperplasia?

A

mass with characteristic, stellate, fibrous scar radiating from center out - separates nodules of benign hepatocytes - bands of fibrous tissue have abnormal vessels

25
Q

What is a hepatic adenoma?

A

no portal tracts, sheets of normal hepatic cords with isolated arteries
risk of hemoperitoneum due to rupture
mutations in Wnt pathway have risk for HCC
associated with hormone use in women

26
Q

What are bile duct adenomas?

A

single, small lesions of proliferation of small ductules due to local response to previous injury

27
Q

What are bile duct microhamartomas?

A

= von Myenberg complexes

multiple, small, dilated bile ducts in expanded portal tracts

28
Q

What is the epidemiology of HCC?

A

high incidence and low incidence geographic areas - male to female ratio higher in high incidence
prevalence increases with age except in high incidence due to vertical transmission of hep B

29
Q

What are the risk factors for HCC?

A

cirrhosis
hep b and c
hepatocarcinogens - thorotrast, aflatoxin
genetic susceptibility

30
Q

What is a marker used to diagnose HCC and monitor therapy?

A

alpha fetoprotein when elevated

31
Q

What is the fibrolamellar variant of HCC?

A

in younger patients - not associated with cirrhosis or other risk factors
better prognosis

32
Q

What are cholangiocarcinomas?

A

malignant epithelial tumors (adenocarcinomas) derived from bile ducts
intra or extra hepatic

33
Q

What are conditions associated with cholangiocarcinoma?

A

chronic biliary tract inf - liver flukes, thorotrast exposure, primary sclerosing cholangitis, fibrocystic diseases of bile ducts

34
Q

What is the histologic appearance of cholangiocarcinomas?

A

well-formed glands in abundant fibrous stroma
may produce mucin
jaundice early
more capacity for spread than HCC

35
Q

What syndromes can be caused by bone marrow transplants?

A 
graft vs. host --> ductopenia, hepatitis
siunsoidal obstruction (veno-occlusive) from pre-transplant chemotherapy regimens
nodular regenerative hyperplasia - nodules atrophy intervening parenchyma w/o fibrosis
36
Q

What syndromes can liver transplants cause?

A 
– Host-versus-graft disease
– Acute cellular (T cell mediated)
• Hepatitis
• Endothelialitis
• Portal inflammation with bile duct destruction
– Chronic rejection
• Ductopenia (vanishing bile duct syndrome)
• Obliterative arteriopathy
37
Q

What are extra-hepatic causes of portal vein obstruction/occlusion?

A

pylephlebitis from thrombosis of portal vein in hilum of liver (portal hilar adenopathy)
hypercoagulable states
propagation of splenic vein thromboses (pancreatitis)

38
Q

What are intra-hepatic diseases that can affect portal circulation?

A

cirrhosis
malignancies invading portal vein
sickle cell crises, DIC with sinusoidal occlusion
hepatoportal sclerosis - affects small vein branches w/o association with cirrhosis

39
Q

What histologic feature is seen with hepatic infarcts?

A

bland coagulative necrosis - dual blood supply

40
Q

What is hepatic vein thrombosis/Budd Chiari syndrome?

A

acute occlusion - liver swollen with tense capsule and mottled red/purple parenchyma
ascites
centrilobular fibrosis with chronic = cardiac cirrhosis

41
Q

What are causes of Budd Chiari syndrome?

A 
Polycythemia vera
Factor deficiencies
Tumors
Pregnancy
Hormones
42
Q

What are the causes of sinusoidal obstruction syndrome/veno-occlussive dz?

A 
chemotherapeutic agents (bone marrow transplant)
toxins
43
Q

What is the HELLP syndrome?

A

seen in pregnancy associated liver dz
hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets
complicates eclampsia - periportal hemorrhage and necrosis from fibrin depo in first zones

44
Q

What are pregnancy associated liver dzs?

A 
HELLP syndrome
acute fatty liver - fulminant hepatic failure and encephalopathy 
hepatic vein thrombosis
cholestasis
severe acute inf with hep E
45
Q

What kinds of abnormalities is Reyes syndrome associated with?

A

mitochondrial enzyme deficiencies

Block 7 - GI (28 decks)

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