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cardiovascular system > pathology > Flashcards

pathology Flashcards

1
Q

cardiology

A

brand of medicine concerned with diagnosis and treatment of conditions and diseases of cardiovascular system; physician is a cardiologist

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2
Q

cardiovascular technologist/technician

A

healthcare professional trained to perform a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures including invasive procedures, electrocardiography, echocardiography, and exercise stress tests

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3
Q

angititis

A

Inflammation of a vessel

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4
Q

angiospasm

A

involuntary muscle contraction of smooth muscle in wall of a vessel; narrows vessel

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5
Q

angiostenosis

A

narrowing of a vessel

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6
Q

bruit

A

A harsh, abnormal sound heard during auscultation over and artery

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7
Q

embolus

A

obstruction of blood vessel by blood clot that breaks off from thrombus somewhere else in body and travels through blood vessels until it becomes stuck in a narrow vessel, plugging it up; if it occurs in coronary artery, may result in MI

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8
Q

hyperlipidemia

A

condition of having excessive levels of lipids (fats), such as cholesterol, in bloodstream; risk factor for developing atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease

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9
Q

infarct

A

Area of tissue organ or part that undergoes necrosis (death) following loss of its blood supply

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10
Q

ischemia

A

condition of localized and temporary deficiency of blood supply due to obstruction holding back the circulation

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11
Q

murmur

A

a sound, in addition to normal heart sounds, arising from blood flowing through heart; extra sound may or may not indicate a heart abnormality

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12
Q

orthostatic hypotension

A

sudden blood pressure a person experiences when standing up suddenly; also called postural hypotension

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13
Q

palpitations

A

pounding, racing heart

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14
Q

plaque

A

yellow, fatty deposit of lipids in artery that is hallmark of atherosclerosis; also called an atheroma

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15
Q

regurgitation

A

to flow backward; in cardiovascular system, refers to backflow of blood (returning again) through a valve

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16
Q

thrombus

A

blood clot forming within vessel; may partially or completely occluded blood vessel

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17
Q

angina pectoris

A

condition in which there is severe pain with sensation of restriction around heart; caused by deficiency of oxygen to heart muscle; commonly called chest pain

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18
Q

cardiac arrest

A

complete stopping of heart activity

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19
Q

cardiac tamponade

A

pressure on heart as a result of fluid buildup around heart inside pericardial sac; heart becomes unable to pump blood effectively

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20
Q

cardiomegaly

A

enlarged heart

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21
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

General term for disease of myocardium (heart muscle); can be caused by excessive alcohol use, parasites, viral infection, and congestive heart failure; one of most common reasons of patient may require heart transplant

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22
Q

congenital septal defect

A

hole, present at birth, in septum (wall) between two heart chambers; results in mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood; can be in atrial septal defect (ASD) and a ventricle septal defect (VSD)

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23
Q

congestive heart failure

A

pathological condition of heart in which there is reduced outflow of blood from left side of heart because the left ventricle myocardium has become too weak to
efficiently pump blood; results in weakness, breathlessness, and edema

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24
Q

coronary artery disease

A

insufficient blood supply to heart muscle due to obstruction of one or more coronary arteries; may be caused by atherosclerosis and may cause angina pectoris and myocardial infraction

25
Q

endocarditis

A

inflammation of lining (inner) membranes of heart; may be due to bacteria or two abnormal immunological response; in bacterial endocarditis, mass of bacteria that forms is referred to as vegetation

26
Q

heart valve prolapse

A

condition in which cusps or flaps of heart valve are too loose and failed to shut tightly, allowing blood to flow backward through valve when heart chamber contracts; most commonly occurs in mitral valve but may affect any of heart valves; also called heart valve incompetence or heart valve insufficiency

27
Q

heart valve stenosis

A

condition in which cusps or flaps of heart valve are too stiff and are unable to open fully (making the opening too narrow for blood to flow through) or shut tightly (allowing blood to flow backward); condition may affect any of heart valves

28
Q

myocardial infarction

A

condition caused by partial or complete occlusion or closing of one or more of coronary arteries, resulting in damage to heart muscle; symptoms include squeezing pain or heavy pressure in middle of chest (angina pectoris); delay in treatment could result in death; also referred to as a heart attack

29
Q

myocarditis

A

Inflammation of muscle layer of heart wall

30
Q

pericarditis

A

Inflammation of the pericardial sac around heart

31
Q

tetralogy of Fallot

A

combination of four congenital anomalies: pulmonary stenosis, interventricular septal defect, improper placement of aorta, and hypertrophy of right ventricle; needs immediate surgery to correct

32
Q

valvulitis

A

inflammation of a heart valve

33
Q

arrhythmia

A

irregularity in heartbeat or action; comes in many different forms; may be too fast, too slow, or irregular pattern; some are not serious, whereas others are life-threatening

34
Q

asystole

A

absence of (without) a heart contraction

35
Q

bradycardia

A

condition of having a slow heart rate, typically less than 60 beats/minute; highly trained aerobic persons may normally have a slow heart rate

36
Q

bundle branch block

A

occurs when electrical impulse is blocked from traveling down bundle branches (or bundle of His); results in ventricles beating at different rates than atria; also called a heart block

37
Q

fibrillation

A

extremely serious arrhythmia characterized by abnormal, quivering or contraction of heart fibers; when this occurs ventricles, cardiac arrest in death can occur; emergency equipment to defibrillate, or convert heart to normal beat, is necessary

38
Q

flutter

A

arrhythmia in which atria beat too rapidly but in regular pattern

39
Q

premature atrial contraction

A

arrhythmia in which atria contract earlier (before) than they should

40
Q

sinus rhythm

A

A normal heart rhythm

41
Q

tachycardia

A

condition of having a fast heart rate, typically more than 100 beats/minute while at rest

42
Q

aneurysm

A

Weakness and wall of artery resulting in localized widening of artery; although aneurysm may develop in any artery, common sites include aorta in abdomen and cerebral arteries in brain

43
Q

arteriorrhexis

A

Ruptured artery; may occur aneurysm rupture arterial wall

44
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of walls of arteries; most often due to arthrosclerosis

45
Q

atheroma

A

deposit (mass) of fat substance in wall of artery that bulges into a narrows lumen of artery; characteristic of atherosclerosis; also calleda plaque

46
Q

atherosclerosis

A

Most common form of arteriosclerosis; caused by formation of yellowish plaques of cholesterol (fatty substance) on inner walls of arteries

47
Q

coarctation if the aorta

A

severe congenital narrowing of aorta

48
Q

deep vein thrombosis

A

Formation of blood clot in a vein deep in the body, most commonly the legs; embolus breaking off from this thrombosis would travel to lungs and block blood flow through lungs

49
Q

hemorrhoid

A

varicose veins in anal region

50
Q

hypertension

A

blood pressure above normal range (excessive); essential or primary hypertension occurs directly from cardiovascular disease; secondary hypertension refers to high blood pressure resulting from another disease such as kidney disease

51
Q

hypotension

A

Decrease in (insufficient) blood pressure; can a current shock, infection, cancer, and anemia or as death approaches

52
Q

patent ductus arteriosus

A

congenital heart anomaly in which fetal connection between pulmonary artery and aorta, the ductus arteriosus, fails to close at birth; this allows mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood; condition may be treated with medication and resolve with time; however, in some cases, surgery is required

53
Q

peripheral vascular disease

A

any abnormal condition affecting blood vessels, outside heart; symptoms may include pain, pallor, numbness, and loss of circulation and pulse

54
Q

phlebitis

A

Inflammation of a vein

55
Q

polyarteritis

A

Inflammation of several (many) arteries

56
Q

raynaud phenomenon

A

period ischemic attacks, affecting extremities of body, especially fingers, toes, ears, and nose; affected extremities become cyanotic and very painful; attacks are brought on by arterial constriction due to extreme cold or emotional stress

57
Q

thrombophlebitis

A

inflammation of vein resulting in formation of blood clots within vein

58
Q

varicose veins

A

swollen and dilated veins, usually in legs

cardiovascular system (5 decks)

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