Pathology Flashcards
What are the organelles of a cell
Nucleus
ER
Golgi apparatus
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
How long does it take for an abscess to form
Few days to a week
Define endometriosis
a condition resulting from the appearance of endometrial tissue outside the uterus and causing pelvic pain, especially associated with menstruation.
What are the questions for an MMSE
1) age - must be correct
2) time, without looking at a timepiece, correct to the nearest hour
3) 42, West Street - given as at test of immediate memory and retested at the end
4) month - must be exact
5) year - exact, except in Jan or Feb when last year is OK
6) name of place, or type of place or town (“in hospital” is insufficient (1))
7) date of birth - exact
8) start of WWI, exact - 1914
9) name of the present monarch
10) counting backwards from 20 to 0, can prompt to 18 and patient may self-correct or hesitate
What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism
fatigue.
weight gain.
trouble tolerating cold.
joint and muscle pain.
dry skin or dry, thinning hair.
heavy or irregular menstrual periods or fertility problems.
slowed heart rate.
depression.
How is thyroxine made in the body
In the thyroid gland
T3 and T4. Both are tyrosine based.
T3 is active form and T4 is inactive
T3 is made from T4
Iodide is key in this process
What is FAP
FAP is a rare condition that can run in families. It sometimes used to be called Gardner syndrome.
FAP causes hundreds or thousands of small growths in the the large bowel. These are called polyps or adenomas. They usually start to appear when a person is in their teens.
Gardner’s syndrome
Osteomas, supernumerary teeth and desmoid tumours
What is an oncogene
It is a cancer-causing gene, before it is mutated, it is called a proto-oncogene.
What is the Duke’s staging
A - Confined to the inner wall
B - invades the muscular layer
C - Goes part the muscular layer and affects surrounding lymph nodes
D - Distant mets
What are the contents of pus and why is it yellow
It is composed of degenerating white blood cells (leukocytes), tissue debris, and living or dead microorganisms. It is yellow due to the accumulation of dead neutrophils
What is the lifespan of a neutrophil
5.4 days
What are the characteristics of neutrophils
Actively phagocytotic polymorphonuclear cells that migrate through the capillaries into the area of infection/ inflammation
Where does gallbladder Ca commonly spread
Liver and peritonium
What is pseudomembranous colitis
Pseudomembranous (SOO-doe-mem-bruh-nus) colitis is inflammation of the colon associated with an overgrowth of the bacterium Clostridioides difficile (formerly Clostridium difficile) — often called C. diff. Pseudomembranous colitis is sometimes called antibiotic-associated colitis or C. difficile colitis.
This overgrowth of Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) is often related to a recent hospital stay or antibiotic treatment. C. difficile infections are more common in people over 65 years old.
What is cancer grading vs stagng
Staging means how big the cancer is and whether it has spread. Grading means how abnormal the cancer cells and tissue look under a microscope.
What are tyrosine kinase receptors and what role do they play in cancers
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) play an important role in a variety of cellular processes including growth, motility, differentiation, and metabolism. As such, dysregulation of RTK signalling leads to an assortment of human diseases, most notably, cancers
What is ARDS
ARDS is a multistage inflammatory process consisting of several mediators and increasing the capillary permeability and alveolar oedema. Resulting in poor diffusion of gases.
Managed with ventilation, adequate oral intake and caloric intake as able, supportive care in GICU.
How long to stop clexane before surgery
24 hours
Where would you place the diathermy pad
as close to the operative site as possible, clean and dry, well vascularised, and over a large muscle mass. Avoid bony prominences, adipose tissue, scar tissue, skin over implanted metal prostheses, hairy surfaces, and pressure points.
What is a fistula
An abnormal opening or passage between two organs or between an organ and the surface of the body
What are the causes of ECF
Most ECFs occur after bowel surgery. Other causes include infection, perforated peptic ulcer and inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis. An ECF may also develop from an abdominal injury or trauma, such as a stabbing or gunshot.
How do you conservatively manage a fistula
Rehydration
Administration of antibiotics
Correction of anemia
Electrolyte repletion
Drainage of obvious abscess
Nutritional support
Control of fistula drainage
Skin protection