- above the basement membrane - doesnt hematogeneous spread, or lymphatic spread

Pathology Flashcards by Rozhin Agoush

Carcinoma in situ

above the basement membrane
doesnt hematogeneous spread, or lymphatic spread

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Modification of tissue or organ from injury or disease, often resulting in impairment of normal function

Lesion

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A swelling caused by an abnormal growth of tissue

Tumor/Mass/Lump/nodule/Polyp

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Malignant neoplasm

Cancer

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A branch of medicine that deals with the study, treatment, diagnosis and prevention of cancer

Oncology

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True or False: Not all growths are neoplasms

True

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Choristoma: misplaced normal tissues in abnormal location
Hamartoma: A benign disorganized growth of cells and tissues normally found in the area
What type of growth am I?

Malformation

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Keloid

Excessive healing

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Hypertrophy

increase in cell size

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Hyperplasia

increase in cell number, in response to a stimulus, physiological or pathological, mediated by hormones or growth factors

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process in which one type of adult tissue is replaced by another type of adult tissue

Metaplasia

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Is a tumor always neoplastic

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Examples of hyperplasia

Endometrial hyperplasia
Prostatic hyperplasia
Pregnancy and female breast

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Hyperplasia differs from neoplasia? (5 points)

1- cells look normal (phenotypically)
2- Organ is enlarged
3- Hyperplasia ends when the stimulus ends
4- Reversible
5- may be a precursor of neoplasia

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Metaplasia

replacement of one type of normal adult cell/tissue with another type

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True of False: when theres inflammation, the glandular side of the epithelium is irritated

True

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When theres metaplasia… its more or less cellular?

less cellular

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In a breast carcinoma, the purpose of staining for ER, PR, or Her2/Neu is

Determines treatment and prognosis.

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A malignant neoplasm derived from smooth muscle is termed

Leiomyosarcoma

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Which of the following is true regarding differentiation?
1. Defined as how closely the neoplastic cells resemble the normal counterparts, morphologically and functionally.
2. Large undifferentiated primary tumors are less likely to give rise to metastasis.
3. Poor differentiation is usually a low grade.
4. A well differentiated tumor is associated with worse prognosis.

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True of false: theres Squamous metaplasia in bronchial epithelium or endocervix

True

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we refer as Glandular for metaplasia in…

Intestinal metaplasia
Intestinal in GE

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Is metaplasia neoplastic ?

No, but prine to malignant transformation

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Whats a Neoplasm

Accumulaiton of genetic changes… growth of cells and stroma
- A genetic disorder of cell growth

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What are neoplasm characterized by

Excessive and unceasing proliferation of cells,

If a tumor is neoplastic, what do we ask

benign or malignant? Invades and destroys adjacent cells? Spreads to distant cells?

What is differentiation

How closely resemble the normal counterpart, morphologically and functionnally

Whats anaplasia

Lack of differentiation You cant recognize the tissue

When its differentiated, is it benign or malignant

benign

When its undifferentiated, is it malignant or benign

malignant

Whats a variation in cell size and shape

pleomorphism

Describe an abnormal nuclear morphology

- dark, irregular nucleoli, clumped chromatin, increase in number of cell ratio, increase of mitosis and atypical form, Loss of polarity, disorganized

Benign tumors ressemble normal tissues = so is it differentiated?

yes

Whats dysplasia

Disordered growth - pre-malignant Partially involved in epithelium May be a precursor to malignant transformation but not always progress to cancer = reversible

Is dysplasia reversible

yes

Carcinoma in situ is a form of dyplasia?

Yes, its severe dysplasia involving thickness of epithelium Has malignancy Has not yet invaded through the basement membrane (pre-invasive, pre-cancerous, pre-maligant) If untreated, high probability of cancer

Whats the difference between carcinoma in situ and invasive carcinoma

carcinoma in situ - didnt spread from the basement layer invasive carcinoma - breaks the basement layer

Genetic changes leading to more premalignant condition is called...

Adenoma

Define Metastases

Way of spread

What are the two way of metastases

Lymphatic spread = through lymphatic vessels, most common carcinoma Hemategeneous spread = through blood vessels

Characteristic ; benign so differentiated or poorly diff?

Well differentiated

Characteristic : Differentiation/analplasia Malignant: ??

Lacks differentiation (anaplasia)

Rate of growth in benign vs Malignant...

progressive and slow VS can be rapid and mitotic figure are numerous

Local invasion in Benign

Does not invade surrounding normal tissue

Local invasion in malignant

Locally invasive with surrounding tissues

How do we classify neoplasms

organ Origin of cell Benign vs Malignant Histological type

Metastasis in benign VS malignant

benign: absent Malignant: Frequent

Carcinoma is from wich origin

Epithelial

Sarcoma is from which origin

Mesenchymal (bone)

BRAF mutation causes diverse tumor types, but why is Target therapy important in this case

Because the responses are different to the treatment for each cancer, so if we use targeted therapy, we become specific to the type //

Whats Cachexia

muscle loss due to loss of appetite, loss of adipocytes

What are paraneoplastic syndromes

rare disorders that occur in some cancer patients, caused by substances produced by tumors or immune responses against cancer cells. -Discolouration of the skiin -Big finger tips

What are macroscopic findings of neoplasms

-mass, swelling -cricumscribed, often white or pale, bleeding, invade, damage surrounding tissues

Cytologic methods: pap smear, urines etc.

Rapid and less invasive

Biopsy/histopathology

taking tissues

Frozen section

Rapid diagnosis Frozen in cryostat and determines the nature of the lesions, decides is additional studies are required,

Immunohistochemistry

looking at protein expression in cells

Flow cytometry

For leukemia, look at cells in suspension

How do we use biomarkers in tissues

We use all of them and see what the tissue expresses

What are the two parameters to determine how well or poorly a patient with cancer will do

Staging = how extend tumor spread Grading = degree of differentiation

Grading

How closely the neoplastic cells resemble to the normal counterparts Low grade = grade 1 = Well differentiated = Closes to resemblance to parent tissue = better prognosis

Grading is done by...

light microscopy based on cytology and histology

If theres more gland ... is it well differentiated or poorly?

well differentiated, so its good

When you have more mitosis ... is it well differentiaed or poorly?

Poorly = aggressive tumor

What does staging mean…of malignant neoplasms

Extent of malignant neoplasm = greater clinical value than grading