PATHOLOGY Flashcards
Name the two (2) patterns of reversible cell injury.
Cellular swelling and fatty change
Fragmentation into nucleosome-sized fragments occurs in which type of cell death?
Apoptosis
The brain is special in that it undergoes what type of necrosis when ischemic?
Liquefactive necrosis
What is the most common form of metaplasia? What can cause this?
Squamous metaplasia (specifically columnar to squamous metaplasia from cigarette smoking and vitamin A deficiency)
What do you call the mediators of the apoptotic pathway?
Caspases
What do you call the sand-like lamellated calcifications seen in papillary cancers?
Psammoma bodies
What finding is seen when there are multiple collections of triglycerides in lamina propria of the gallbladder?
Strawberry gallbladder
What is the only endogenous brown-black pigment?
Melanin
What do you call inflammation of the brain parenchyma?
Encephalitis
What are the steps in the recruitment of leukocytes to sites of inflammation?
Margination; Rolling; Adhesion; Diapedesis; Chemotaxis
Which vasoactive amine causes arteriolar dilation and increase in venular permeability? Which cells predominantly produce it?
Histamine; Mast cells
Which cytokine functions to recruit neutrophils and monocytes?
IL-17
What is the most abundant complement? What does it give rise to and what are the functions of its products?
C3; C3a (anaphylotoxin) and C3b (opsonin)
C1 inhibitor deficiency leads to what disease?
Hereditary angioedema
What do you call a collection of activated macrophages, often with peripheral T- lymphocytes, and sometimes associated with central necrosis?
Granuloma
What is the most important cytokine for the synthesis and deposition of connective tissue proteins?
TGF-ß (transforming growth factor-beta)
What is the first step in hemostasis?
Arteriolar vasoconstriction
A deficiency in GpIb leads to what disease?
Bernard-Soulier syndrome
What pathologic liver finding is characterized by centrilobular regions that are grossly red-brown and slightly depressed contrasted with the normal tan surface?
Nutmeg liver
What disease is characterized by ischemia of the femoral head, tibia, and humerus due to formation of gas bubbles in the blood?
Caisson disease
Which two (2) characteristics differentiate antemortem from postmortem thrombosis?
Attachment to vessel wall (antemortem - yes; postmortem - no); Presence of lines of Zahn (antemortem - yes; postmortem - no)
What is the inheritance pattern of Ehler-Danlos syndrome?
Autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive
What is the genetic defect found in Marfan syndrome? Which chromosome can this be found?
Fibrillin-1 gene (chromosome 15)
Name the two (2) X-linked dominant disorders
Alport syndrome; Vitamin D-resistant rickets
What is the most common lysosomal storage disorder? What is the defect in this disorder?
Gaucher disease; Glucocerebrosidase (ß- glucosidase) deficiency
What cardiac finding is most associated with Trisomy 21? What hematologic cancer is most commonly found in patients with this disorder?
Endocardial cushion defect; Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia
What is the single most important cause of primary amenorrhea?
Turner syndrome
Anaphylaxis is what type of hypersensitivity reaction?
Type I (immediate) hypersensitivity
Erythroblastosis fetalis is what type of hypersensitivity?
Type II (antibody- mediated) hypersensitivity
Type III hypersensitivity reactions are generally systemic, except for?
Arthus reaction
Psoriasis is what type of hypersensitivity?
Type IV (T-cell- mediated) hypersensitivity
What is the best screening test for SLE?
ANA (antinuclear antibody)
Which test is specific for SLE and is correlated with disease activity?
Anti-dsDNA
What is the triad that comprises Sjogren syndrome?
Dry eyes (keratoconjunctivitis sicca); Dry mouth (xerostomia); Other connective tissue disorders (like rheumatoid arthritis)
Name the components of CREST syndrome
Calcinosis; Raynaud phenomenon; Esophageal dysmotility; Sclerodactyly; Telangiectasia
Which antibody is present in 10- 20% of diffuse scleroderma?
Anti-Scl 70
Which disease is characterized by recurrent bacterial and enteroviral infections after 6 months?
X-linked (Bruton) agammaglobulinemia
Which disease is characterized by a triad of thrombocytopenia, recurrent infections, and eczema?
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
What is the antibody associated with mixed connective tissue disease?
Anti-U1- ribonucleoprotein (anti-U1-RNP)
Which organ is the most commonly affected in amyloidosis and represents the most serious form of organ involvement?
Kidney
What facilitates the attachment of the HIV virus to host cells? What facilitates fusion?
gp120 - attachment; gp41 - fusion
Which carcinomas are special in that their main mode of metastasis is via hematogenous spread?
Four Carcinomas Route Hematogenously (Follicular thyroid carcinoma; Choriocarcinoma; Renal cell carcinoma; Hepatocellular carcinoma)
Too much exposure to aniline dyes can lead to which cancer?
Bladder (urothelial) carcinoma
What proto-oncogene (when mutated) can lead to neuroblastoma?
N-MYC
What is the most common extrasalivary complication of mumps?
Aseptic meningitis
“Dewdrops on a rose petal” is the characteristic description for the lesions caused by what pathogen?
Varicella zoster virus
Gumma is found in which stage of syphilis?
Tertiary
Which fungus is an important cause of CNS infections in immunocompromised patients and has a thick, gelatinous capsule?
Cryptococcus neoformans
What is the causative agent for Durck granulomas?
Plasmodium falciparum
Which chemical causes skin cancer that affects the palms and soles, as opposed to UV- induced skin cancer that affects sun-exposed areas?
Arsenic
What are the two (2) hematologic findings that can be seen in cases of lead poisoning?
Ring sideroblasts; Microcytic, hypochromic anemia with basophilic stippling of red blood cells
Cadmium poisoning causes which disease that is characterized by osteoporosis and osteomalacia with renal disease and is seen in postmenopausal women of a certain East Asian country?
Itai-itai disease (seen in postmenopausal Japanese women)
What is the “guardian angel against obesity”?
Adiponectin
What is the most common extracranial solid tumor of childhood and is also the most frequently diagnosed tumor of infancy?
Neuroblastoma
What is the most common cause of respiratory distress in newborns?
Respiratory distress syndrome/Hyaline membrane disease
What is the defective gene in cystic fibrosis? Which chromosome is this gene located?
CFTR gene; Chromosome 7
These are tumor cells around a central space containing neuropil
Homer-Wright pseudorosettes
What are the three components of Wilms tumor?
Blastema (small, round blue cells); Stroma (fibroblasts); Epithelium
Which syndrome is associated with organomegaly, macroglossia, hemihypertrophy, and omphaloceles? What is the genetic defect in this syndrome?
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome; WT2 imprinting
Which two (2) sites are most commonly affected in atherosclerosis?
Lower abdominal aorta: Iliac arteries (followed by coronary arteries → popliteal arteries → internal carotid arteries → Circle of Willis)
What do you call it when blood tunnels in between layers of the vessel wall?
Dissection
Which disease is characterized by ocular disturbances and weakening of pulses in the upper limbs? In which set of patients is this condition usually seen?
Takayasu arteritis; Patients <50 years old
Takayasu arteritis; Patients <50 years old
Fever > 5 days; Conjunctival injection; Mucosal erythema (strawberry tongue); Cervical lymphadenopathy; Polymorphous exanthem (rashes)
Which disease affects renal and visceral vessels and is associated with hepatitis B? What are the symptoms of this disease?
Polyarteritis nodosa; Abdominal pain (due to visceral ischemia) and hypertension (due to renal vessels being affected)
This disease has a strong association with smoking, mainly affects vessels of the extremities, and is characterized by thrombosis of affected vessels.
Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger disease)
This autosomal dominant disease is characterized by CNS hemangioblastomas, cavernous hemangiomas, renal cell carcinomas, and pheochromocytomas
Von Hippel-Lindau disease
This occurs when an initially left → right shunt becomes a right → left shunt due to irreversible changes in the pulmonary vasculature
Eisenmengerization
This is the most common primary cardiac tumor in children
Rhabdomyoma (myxomas in adults)
This is the inability of the heart to pump blood at a rate sufficient to meet the metabolic demands of tissues, or can do so only at an elevated filling pressure
Heart failure
What is the most common type of atrial septal defect?
Secundum (90%)
This specific cardiac enzyme is used to assess reinfarction due to it having a faster rate of return to normal levels
CK-MB
What is the most common causative agent in acute infective endocarditis?
Staphylococcus aureus
This is the most common cause of sudden cardiac death in young athletes
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
What do you call the characteristic cells found in Hodgkin lymphoma?
Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells
This is the phenomenon in which certain types of lymphoma progress to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL)
Richter phenomenon
What is the most common non-Hodgkin lymphoma?
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL)
Which type of lymphoma is regarded as one of the fastest growing human tumors? What do you call the pattern found in this disease that involves non-neoplastic tingible-body macrophages dotting sheets of neoplastic lymphoid cells?
Burkitt lymphoma; “Starry sky” pattern
What is the most common cancer in children?
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (ALL)
This is the genetic mutation that identifies acute promyelocytic leukemia (APML)
t(15;17)
The Philadelphia chromosome is characteristically associated with this disease
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
This is the type of Hodgkin lymphoma that is associated with the worst prognosis
Lymphocyte depleted Hodgkin lymphoma
This disease is characterized by plasmacytomas, multiple lytic “punched-out” bone lesions, hypercalcemia; renal failure, and deficiencies in humoral immunity
Multiple myeloma
This neoplasm is characterized by an increase in all three (3) cell lines as well as has the highest association with mutations in the JAK2 tyrosine kinase
Polycythemia vera
Birbeck granules (pentalaminar tubules with dilated terminal ends; tennis racket-like) are pathognomonic for this disease
Langerhans cell histiocytosis
All intrinsic types of hemolytic anemia are extravascular except for?
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)
Which condition is under the intrinsic type of hemolytic anemia but exhibits both intra- and extravascular hemolysis?
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency
This disease is characterized by defects in membrane skeleton proteins, specifically spectrin, ankyrin, Band 3, and Band 4.2)
Hereditary spherocytosis
These are found in asplenic G6PD deficiency patients and are derived from hemoglobin
Heinz bodies
These are found in asplenic sickle cell anemia (SCA) patients and are composed of nuclear remnants
Howell-Jolly bodies
This disease is characterized by having 3 copies of the abnormal α-globin gene
HbH disease
This type of immunohemolytic anemia occurs postinfection and is mainly due to IgM
Cold agglutinin type
Name the two vitamins which when deficient can cause megaloblastic anemia
Vitamin B12; Vitamin B9
What are the components of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)? What cell product is decreased in this condition?
Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia;
Thrombocytopenia; Renal failure; Fever; Neurologic manifestations; ADAMTS13
This is the most common adverse transfusion reaction
This is the most common adverse transfusion reaction
What is called Christmas disease? What is the clotting factor that is lacking in this condition?
Hemophilia B; Factor IX
This condition is characterized by bilateral adrenal hemorrhage secondary to fibrin thrombi
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
This pattern of emphysema is mainly seen in smokers
Centriacinar
Panacinar emphysema is mainly seen in patients with what condition?
α1-antitrypsin deficiency
Silicosis is due to chronic exposure to which substance?
Quartz
Lung tropism of the SARS-CoV- 2 virus is due to it binding to what receptor found on pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells?
ACE2 receptors
This condition is characterized by chronic airway inflammation and variable expiratory outflow obstruction.
Bronchial asthma
What do you call the permanent dilation of bronchi and bronchioles due to destruction of smooth muscle and elastic tissue by inflammation associated with persistent severe infections?
Bronchiectasis
What are the four (4) stages of inflammation seen in lobar pneumonia?
Congestion; Red hepatization; Gray hepatization; Resolution
Which type of lung cancer is most commonly found in females and never smokers?
Adenocarcinoma
What are the two (2) common paraneoplastic syndromes associated with small cell lung cancer?
SIADH; Cushing syndrome
This syndrome is characterized by
enophthalmos, ptosis, myosis, and anhidrosis. What do you call the tumors that usually give rise to this syndrome given its characteristic location?
Horner syndrome; Pancoast tumors
Asbestos exposure is associated with which cancer?
Malignant mesothelioma
This tumor commonly arises from the posterolateral wall of the nasal cavity, is seen most of the time in young, adolescent males, and is highly vascular.
Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma
What do you call the remnants of thyroid gland descent?
What do you call the remnants of thyroid gland descent?
This is the most common salivary gland tumor.
Pleomorphic adenoma
This syndrome is composed of upper esophageal webs, iron deficiency anemia, and glossitis.
Plummer-Vinson syndrome
These are longitudinal mucosal tears near the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) associated with severe retching or vomiting secondary to acute alcohol intoxication.
Mallory-Weiss tears
What is the hallmark of Barrett esophagus?
Presence of Goblet cells within the squamous epithelium of the esophagus
This stomach condition is characterized by having a thickened stiff wall with flattened rugae and is associated with diffuse infiltrative.
Linitis plastica
What is the most common site for neuroendocrine tumors (NETs)?
Small intestine
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) found in which part of the body tend to be multiple and aggressive?
Midgut (jejunum and ileum)
What is considered as a risk factor for Crohn’s disease but is a protective factor for ulcerative colitis?
Smoking
What immunohistochemical marker is characteristic of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs)?
CD117
What is the most common malignancy of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract?
Colorectal adenocarcinoma
What gene is known as the “gatekeeper of colonic neoplasia” due to it being one of the earliest mutational events that leads to the progression of colorectal cancer?
APC
This condition occurs when mucinous tumors of the appendix spread to the peritoneum, causing build-up of semisolid mucin in the abdomen.
Pseudomyxoma peritonei
Which autoimmune cholangiopathy is characterized by having a female predilection, cirrhosis with “garland-shaped” cirrhotic nodules, and is associated with an increased risk for hepatocellular carcinoma?
Primary biliary cholangitis
This disease has a male predilection, has radiographic findings of strictures and beading of large bile ducts, and increases the risk for lithiasis and cholangiocarcinoma.
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
What do you call the acidophilic apoptotic bodies that signify irreversible liver changes?
Councilman bodies
This is the diffuse transformation of the liver into regenerating parenchymal nodules, surrounded by dense bands of scar, with variable degrees of vascular shunting.
Cirrhosis
What is the most common cause of portal hypertension and ascites?
Cirrhosis
What is the most common cause of acute liver failure (ALF) needing transplantation in the US? Which metabolite of this compound is hepatotoxic?
Acetaminophen overdose; NAPQI
This is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by impaired copper excretion into bile and incorporation to ceruloplasmin.
Wilson disease
What is the tumor marker for hepatocellular carcinoma?
α-feto protein
What are the three (3) main risk factors for developing cholelithiasis?
3Fs: Female; Fat; Forty
What is the most common histology for gallbladder carcinoma?
Adenocarcinoma
This condition is the most common congenital anomaly and is the failure of fusion of fetal pancreatic ducts.
Pancreatic divisum
What is the marker for pancreatic carcinoma?
CA 19-9
This glomerular syndrome is characterized by hematuria, azotemia, variable proteinuria, edema, and hypertension.
Nephritic syndrome
This glomerular syndrome is characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and lipiduria.
Nephrotic syndrome
What is the most common cause of nephritic syndrome in children? What is the electron microscopy (EM) finding in this disease?
Post-Streptococcal acute glomerulonephritis (PSAGN); Subepithelial humps on glomerular basement membrane (GBM)
What is the histologic hallmark for rapidly-progressing glomerulonephritis (RPGN)?
Presence of crescents (proliferation of parietal epithelial cells admixed with leukocytes infiltrating the glomerulus)
Which disease is characterized by the presence of antibodies against the non-collagenous domain of α3 chain of type IV collagen, which is an antigen found in both alveoli and glomerular basement membrane)?
Goodpasture syndrome (RPGN Type I)
What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children?
Minimal change disease (MCD)
What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults?
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)
The electron microscopy (EM) findings for this disease include lamina densa that is permeated by a ribbon-like extremely electron-dense structure.
Dense deposit disease (MPGN Type II)
This is the most common type of glomerulonephritis worldwide and involves IgA deposition limited to the kidneys.
IgA nephropathy (Berger disease)
This hereditary syndrome is characterized by the defective assembly of type IV collagen, leading to abnormalities in the eyes, ears, and kidney.
Alport syndrome
Struvite stones are associated with infection from which pathogen?
Proteus
Where is the most common site of metastasis for renal cell carcinoma?
Lung (>50%)
What is the cytogenetic origin for chromophobe renal cell carcinoma?
Intercalated cells of collecting ducts
What is the most common malignant kidney tumor? Second most common?
Renal cell carcinoma; Wilms tumor
Which tumor suppressor gene is inactivated by the HPV- encoded protein E6? E7?
p53; RB
What is the most common cause of painless testicular enlargement?
Testicular tumors
What is the most common germ cell tumor?
Seminoma
These are central blood vessels enveloped by tumor cells found in yolk sac tumors.
Schiller-Duval bodies
These are laminated mineralized concretions in phagolysosomes found in malakoplakia.
Michaelis-Gutmann bodies
What do you call the infection of the glans and prepuce?
Balanoposthitis
Which tumor suppressor gene is inactivated by the HPV- encoded protein E6? E7?
p53; RB
What is the upper normal limit for prostate-specific antigen (PSA)?
4 ng/mL
What is the most common site of prostatic adenocarcinoma? Benign prostatic hyperplasia?
Peripheral zone; Transitional zone
What ovarian mass is characterized by the presence of mature thyroid tissue which can cause hyperthyroidism?
Struma ovarii
What do you call the presence of endometrial tissue within the myometrial wall?
Adenomyosis
This is the most common tumor in women.
Leiomyoma
This is an autoimmune paraneoplastic syndrome characteristically associated with teratomas.
Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) encephalitis
Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) encephalitis
Call-Exner bodies
What is the karyotype of a complete mole?
46 XX
This is the most common malignancy of women globally.
Breast cancer
This gene is associated with male breast cancer.
BRCA2
This disease involves malignant epithelial cells reaching nipple skin without basement membrane violation.
Paget disease of the nipple
