PATHOLOGY Flashcards
APC tumor suppressor present o
long arm of
chromosome 5
Function of APC tumor suppressor gene
1 Negatively regulates the WNT pathway
2 which degrades Beta catenin
Classification of polyps?
1Non-neoplastic:
o Hamartomatous
o Metaplastic
2 Inflammatory:
o Pseudopolyps
o Ulcerative colitis
3 Neoplastic:
o Villous (40%)
o Tubulovillous (20%)
o Tubular (5%)
Extracolonic manifestations in the related gardener syndrome?
•Mandibular osteoma
• Desmoid tumors
• Sebaceous cyst
Management of FAP
Colonoscopic screening by the age of 12
proctocolectomy with ileoanal pouch formation by 25 years
Colonoscopy age for children of FAP
Colonoscopic screening by the age of 12
what drug used for steroid refractory IBD
Monoclonal IgG1 antibody to TNF- α
•Infliximab
• Adalimumab
• Certolizumab
Role of TNF in IBD
increase tight junctions
permeability which increase the flux of
luminal bacterial
When to use Monoclonal IgG1 antibody to TNF- α
for Ul cerative colitis
- Steroid resistant
- Extra intestinal manifestation
which IBD is more likely to cause cancer
U lcerative Colitis
Rx of cancer 2° to UC
Total colectomy
Adenoma carcinoma sequence
- Loss of APC (tumor suppressor gene) → hyperplasia
2- K-RAS (oncogene) mutation → dysplasia
3- Loss of p 53 (tumor suppressor gene) → adenocarcinoma
Function of P53 gene
DNA damage and other stress signals may trigger the increase of p53 proteins, which have three major functions: growth
arrest, DNA repair and apoptosis (cell death).
Function of KRAS
The KRAS gene provides instructions for making a protein called K-Ras that is part of a signaling pathway known as the
RAS/MAPK pathway.
Definition of FAP?
Autosomal dominant condition characterized by loss
of APC tumor suppressor gene
Which
1 type of polyp has greatest chance to convert to cancer
2 Size
Villous
>1.5cm
Extraintestinal manifestation of
inflammatory bowel disease:
A PIE SAC
• Aphthous ulcers
• Pyoderma gangrenosum
• Iritis
• Erythema nodosum
• Sclerosing cholangitis
• Arthritis
• Clubbing
multiple hamartomatous polyps in which disease
Peutz Jegher Syndrome
Temporal Arteritis (Giant Cell Arteritis) is
Inflammatory disease of LARGE AND MEDIUM blood vessels of the
head, neck andd arms, mainly branches of ECA.
Temporal Arteritis mainly affects which part of vessel
Tunica Media
Classic lesion of Temporal Arteritis
medial granulomatous inflammation centered on the internal elastic lamina that produce
elastic lamina fragmentation.
Which cells are involved in Temporal Arteritis
T Cells and macrophages
Initial vs confirmatory test for GCA
ESR
Temporal artery biopsy
Why blindness in GCA
Due to ophthalmic artery invlovemwnt
Inflammation of it. It’s known as Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (AION).
Treatment of GCA
prednisolone 60mg/d PO immediately or IV methylprednisolone
For 2 YEARS
X ray of mesothelioma shows
Pleural plaque
What are Pleural plaque
Most common manifestation of asbestos exposure, are well-circumscribed plaques of dense collagen
that are often calcified
Small cell vs adenocarcinoma of lungs and smoking
Adenocarcinoma is most common in non smokers
Small CC is most common in smokers
If mets of cancer then how to check epithelial origin
Immunohistochemistry
If EGF positive tumor then which medicine to give
TKI (Imatinib)
Most common paraneoplastic syndromes are:
1 Hypercalcemia
2 Cushing syndrome and
3 Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
Which cancer are most commonly associated with Paraneoplastic syndrome
Lung
Breast
Hematological
How to label the sputum specimens for TB
Category-B UN3373
Which mycobacterium causes disseminated infection in immunocompromised patients
Mycobacterium avium intracellulare (MAC)
What are the culture media for mycobacteria?
• Solid media: Lowenstein Jensen media, Middlebrook media
• Liquid media: BACTEC/MIGT (mycobacteria growth indicator tube)
Culture time for Mycobacterium TB
1 to 8 weeks
Most common type of hyperplasia in MEN I syndrome
Chief Cell Hyperplasia and it is diffuse or multinodular.
Three gene mutation in Insulinoma
- MEN-1
- PTEN and TSC2
- ATRX and DAXX
Which type of mutation in PTEN and PSC2 in Insulinoma
Loss of function mutation of Tumor suppressor gene
This results in mTOR signal pathway activation
Which type of mutation in ATRX and DAXX gene
Inactivation mutation
They are responsible for telomere maintenance
