Pathology Flashcards
Which cells secrete surfactant?
Type 2 Pneumocytes
Lining of Respiratory Epithelium?
Pseudo stratified CILIATED COLUMNAR
Irreversible enlargement of acini of lungs with wall destruction occurs in?
Emphysema
Which type of Emphysema is associated with smoking?
CENTRILOBULAR/ CENTRIACINAR emphysema (also most common)
(Affects upper lobes of lungs and
Respiratory bronchioles are affected)
Which type of emphysema occurs due to alpha-1-antrypsin deficiency?
PANACINAR emphysema
(Involves whole acini and
Affects lower lobes)
Which emphysema is associated with spontaneous penumothorax?
PARASEPTAL/DISTAL Emphysema
(Affects distal acini= Alveolar ducts and sacs)
REID Index is increased in which disease?
Chronic Bronchitis
( Because of mucous glands hypertrophy)
What is the normal REID index?
0.4
Hyper responsiveness of airways, reversible bronchoconstriction is seen in?
Bronchial Asthma
Bronchial Asthma is which type of Hypersensitivity Reaction?
Type 1
Gene associated with Bronchial Asthma is present on which chromosome?
Chromosome 5
Charcot Leyden Crystals in Sputum Microscopy are seen in?
Bronchial Asthma
Abnormal permanent dilatation of bronchi and bronchioles occurs in?
BRONCHIECTASIS
Triad of Situs Inversus (organs reversed), Sinusitis, and Bronchiectasis occurs in which Syndrome?
KARTAGENER Syndrome
Where is the defect in KARTAGENER Syndrome?
Dynein arm of cilia
Bronchiectasis usually affects which part of lungs?
Lower Lobes (B/L)
Gene for Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency is present on which chromosome?
Chromosome no. 14
Most common organism for acute exacerbation of COPD?
Haemophilus influenzae
Markers for Myeloblast
CD-13, 33, 117, MPO
Stain used for Lymphoblast?
PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff)
Stain used for Myeloblast?
MPO (Myeloperoxidase)
Carcinoid Tumour is which type of tumour?
Neuroendocrine tumour
Gastric adenocarcinoma is what type of tumour?
Epithelial tumour of stomach
GIST (gastro intestinal stromal tumour) is what type of tumour?
Mesenchymal tumour
Which chromosome is involved in Myotonic dystrophy?
Chromosome 19
Cowden syndrome is associated with mutation in?
PTEN
Most common cause of agranulocytosis?
Drug toxicity
Stellate granuloma is seen in which disease?
Cat-scratch disease
(Caused by Bartonella henselae)
Most consistent and persistent feature of bladder cancer is?
Painless hematuria
Punched out ulcers in Esophagus are caused by?
HSV(Herpes Simplex Virus)
Alpha-1-antitrypsin is major inhibitior of enzyme
Elastase
IL-1 is activated by which caspase?
Caspase 1
What is the most common cancer in children?
ALL (Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia)
Which type of ALL (Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia) is most common?
Pre B cell- ALL
Which type of ALL has mediastinal involvement?
T- type of ALL
In B- type of ALL there is loss of function mutation of which gene?
PAX-5
In T- type ALL there is GAIN of function mutation of which gene?
NOTCH-1 gene
Hand mirror cells are seen in which cancer?
ALL
Lymphoblasts look like hand mirrors
Both Pre B and Pre T lymphoblasts are positive for which marker?
TdT marker
L-Asparaginase drug is used for treatment of?
ALL (Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia)
What is the most common genetic abnormality in ALL?
HYPERDIPLOIDY
(More than 50 chromosomes are present)
Good 👍 prognostic factor
Translocation seen in ALL?
t(12:21)
Stain used for Lymphoblasts?
PAS (Periodic Acid Shiff) DOT positivity
Stain used for Myeloblasts?
MPO (Myeloperoxidase)
Which translocation is associated with AML-M2 type?
t(8:21)
RUNX1 : RUNXT1
Which AML type is associated with Chloroma?
AML-M2 type
(AML with maturation)
What is the most common site of Chloroma?
Orbit of eye
What is the name of monocyte cells seen in Chloroma?
Arbiskov cells
Which translocation is seen in AML-M3?
t(15:17)
PML- RARA fusion protein
Maximum Auer Rods and Faggot cells are seen in which type of AML?
AML-M3
(Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia)
Which type of AML is associated with DIC?
AML- M3 type
What is the morphological hallmark of Myeloblasts?
AUER Rods
Treatment of AML-M3?
ATRA (All Trans Retinoic Acid) and
Arsenic Trioxide
Type of AML associated with Gum bleeding and hyperplasia?
AML- M4 and M5
In AML M-4 there is inversion of which chromosome?
Chromosome 16
Type of AML which shows diffuse positivity with PAS?
AML-M6
(Acute Erythroid Leukaemia)
Type of AML associated with Down’s Syndrome?
AML-7
Which stains are positive for Myeloblasts?
MPO
NSE and
SBB (Sudan Black B)
Markers for Myeloblasts?
CD-13, 33, 117, MPO
IOC for AML-M3?
FISH Analysis
(To know translocations)
Most common type of AML?
AML- M2
What are AUER rods in myeloblasts made up of?
Lysosomes
In which type of AML is leukemia cutis seen?
AML- M5
Mutation in CML?
t(9:22)
ABL: BCR gene fusion
Causes TYROSINE KINASE activation
Drug used in CML treatment
Imatinib Mesylate
(Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor)
Appearance of Peripheral Smear in CML
College Girl/ Garden Party appearance
Blast crises of CML occurs when Blast count exceeds
20%
What is the normal NAP (Neutrophil Alkaline Phosphatase) score?
40-100
(Decreases in CML)
IOC for CML?
Fish Analysis
(9:22 translocation)
JAK 2 Mutation is seen in?
Polycythemia Vera
Staghorn Megakaryocytes on Bone Marrow Biopsy are seen in
ET (Essential Thrombocytosis)
Tear Drop Cells/Dacrocytes are seen in?
MYELOFIBROSIS
Stain used in bone marrow biopsy for MYELOFIBROSIS?
RETICULIN stain
Anomaly of Neutrophils in MDS is called?
Pseudo Pelger Huet Anomaly
(Bilobed Neutrophils)
Most common cytogenetic anomaly associated with adult MDS?
del 5q
Most common cytogenetic anomaly in Childhood MDS?
Monosomy 7
BRAFV600E mutation occurs in?
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Biopsy of Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis shows?
Coffee Bean Nuclei
Electron microscopy of Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis shows?
Tennis Racket appearance with Birbeck Granules
Marker for Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis?
CD1a, LANGERIN, S-100, CD-207
What are the most common Lymph nodes involved in Hodgkin’s Lymphoma?
Cervical L.N.
Markers positive for R.S. cells in classical types of Hodgkin Lymphoma?
CD-15 and
CD- 30 positive
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma is associated with activation of which Growth Signalling Pathway?
NFKB Pathway
Pain in nodes on Alcohol Ingestion is a symptom of?
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Name a symptom of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma?
PAINLESS Lymphadenopathy
Which cells are seen in Hodgkin’s Lymphoma?
What is their appearance?
Reid Sternberg Cells
(OWL’S Eye Appearance)
Type of R.S. cells seen in Nodular Sclerosis H.L.?
Lacunar R.S. cells
Mononuclear Variant of R.S. cells is seen in which type of H.L.?
Lymphocyte RICH H.L.
Popcorn cells (L.H. variant of R.S. cells) is seen in?
NLPHL
(Nodular Lymphocyte PREDOMINANT H. L.)
It is non classical type.
Which variant of R.S. cells is seen in LYMPHOCYTE depleted H.L?
Mummified/Reticular R.S. cells
Most common type of H.L.?
NODULAR SCLEROSIS H.L.
Type of H.L. with Mediastinal Involvement?
NODULAR SCLEROSIS H.L.
Which type of CLASSICAL H.L. has best prognosis?
NODULAR SCLEROSIS H.L.
Most common type of H.L. in India?
MIXED CELLULARITY H.L.
Which H.L. is most commonly associated with EBV and HIV?
MIXED CELLULARITY H.L.
Which H.L. has the WORST Prognosis?
LYMPHOCYTE depleted H.L.
NLPHL (Nodular Lymphocyte PREDOMINANT H.L.) which is the non classical type is positive for which markers?
CD-20
CD-45 and
bcl- 6
Which type of H.L. is never associated with EBV?
NLPHL
(Non classical type)
NLPHL is negative for which markers?
CD-15 and CD-30
Which H.L. has best prognosis OVERALL?
NLPHL
Most important prognostic factor of H.L?
Staging
(Ann Arbor Staging)
Proto-oncogene associated with Hodgkin’s Lymphoma?
REL proto-oncogene on
Chr 2p
R.S. -like cells can also be seen in(other than H.L)?
Infectious Mononucelosis
What is the most common type of leukemia in elderly?
CLL
(Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia)
Which cytogenetic anomaly is associated with CLL?
del 13q (good prognosis) - causes del of micro RNA
del 11q and 17p (bad prognosis)
Which mutation is seen in CLL?
BTK gene mutation
(Bruton Tyrosine Kinase)
Which syndrome occurs in CLL?
EVANS Syndrome
(CLL+ AIHA (Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia) + AT (Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia))
What will you seen on DLC in CLL?
ABSOLUTE LYMPHOCYTOSIS
(>5,000 / mm3)
Smudge cells/Basket cells/Parachute cells are seen in?
CLL
Which appearance is seen in peripheral blood of CLL?
Convent Girl Appearance
(All lymphocytes are similar)
Markers on Flow Cytometry for CLL?
CD-5 and CD-23 positive
- c/a DUAL POSITIVITY
Rai and Binet Scoring System is for?
CLL
When CLL transforms into DLBCL (Diffuse Large B-cell lymphoma) - name of syndrome?
RICHTER SYNDROME
M/c type of INDOLENT (lazy, slow growing) NHL (Non Hodgkin’s Lymphoma) in the world?
FOLLICULAR Lymphoma
M/c type of NHL (Non Hodgkin’s Lymphoma)?
DLBCL (Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma)
Translocation associated with FOLLICULAR Lymphoma?
t (14:18)
On 18 chromosome, there is bcl-2
In FOLLICULAR Lymphoma there is increased expression of which gene?
bcl-2 gene (it is ANTI APOPTOTIC)
Buttock cells are seen in which type of NHL?
FOLLICULAR Lymphoma
Translocation which occurs in MANTLE CELL Lymphoma?
t(11:14)
On 11- CYCLIN D1
In Mantle Cell Lymphoma, there is over expression of?
CYCLIN D1
Type of NHL associated with LYMPHOMATOID POLYPOSIS?
MANTLE CELL LYMPHOMA
Markers for MANTLE CELL Lymphoma?
CD 5 +ve BUT CD 23 -ve
(In CLL BOTH are +ve)
Another marker- CYCLIN D1
If CYCLIN D1 is -ve in MANTLE CELL Lymphoma, which marker is used?
SOX 11
(INICET Ques)
Translocation associated with BURKITT’S Lymphoma?
t(8:14)
On chr 8 there is “c-myc” gene
Burkitt’s Lymphoma is associated with increased expression of?
c- myc gene
(It is an oncogene)
Type of Burkitt’s Lymphoma most commonly associated with EBV?
AFRICAN type - JAW/MANDIBLE is involved.
Appearance of Burkitt’s Lymphoma on Lymph Node Biopsy?
STARRY SKY appearance
Marker for Burkitt’s Lymphoma?
bcl 6 +ve
