Pathology

Question 1

Examples of coagulative necrosis?

Answer 1

Occurs in kidney, heart, adrenals and hypoxic environment

Question 2

Where does liquefactive (colliquative) necrosis occur?

Answer 2

Brain

Question 3

Where does fat necrosis occur?

Answer 3

Pancreas

Question 4

Where does gangrenous necrosis occur?

Answer 4

GI tract and peripheral limb

Question 5

Where does caseous (granulomatous) necrosis occur?

Answer 5

TB infection

Question 6

What type of epithelium lines the ovaries?

Answer 6

Cuboidal

Question 7

What type of epithelium lines the fallopian tubes?

Answer 7

Columnar

Question 8

What type of epithelium lines the Endometrium?

Answer 8

Columnar

Question 9

What type of epithelium lines the endocervix?

Answer 9

Columnar

Question 10

What type of epithelium lines the ectocervix?

Answer 10

Stratified squamous, non-keratinised

Question 11

What type of epithelium lines the vagina?

Answer 11

Stratified squamous, non-keratinised

Question 12

What type of epithelium lines the ureter?

Answer 12

Transitional

Question 13

What type of epithelium lines the urinary bladder?

Answer 13

Transitional

Question 14

What is Sheehan’s syndrome?

Answer 14

Hypopituitarism caused by ischaemic necrosis due to blood loss and hypovolaemic shock during and after childbirth.

Question 15

Signs of Sheehan’s syndrome?

Answer 15

Abscence or difficulty with lactation, amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea and features of hypothyroidism (tiredness, weight gain etc) due to reduced TSH.

Question 16

What is Hypopituitarism?

Answer 16

When one or more of the pituitary hormone levels is reduced.

Question 17

What hormones are found in the pituitary?

Answer 17

GOATFLAP
Growth hormone
Oxytocin
ACTH
TSH

FSH
LH
A
Prolactin
Melanocyte stimulating hormone

Question 18

What are the 4 microscopic characteristics of dysplasia?

Answer 18

1. Anisocytosis (unequal cell size)
2. Poikilocytosis (abnormal cell shape)
3. Hyperchromatism (pigmentation)
4. mitotic figures (increased cells currently dividing)

Question 19

What is cellular adaptation?

Answer 19

Cellular changes that occur in response to environmental changes.

Question 20

What are the 5 different types of adaptations that cells can undergo?

Answer 20

1. Atrophy
2. Hypertrophy
3. Hyperplasia
4. Metaplasia
5. Dysplasia

Question 21

What is atrophy

Answer 21

Decrease in cell size
May be physiological such as thymus atrophy in childhood or pathological such as disuse atrophy in neurological injury

Question 22

What is hypertrophy

Answer 22

Increase in cell size.
Typically result of increased intracellular protein rather than cytosol
May be physiological such as muscle hypertrophy in weightlifters or pathological such as cardiac hypertrophy following MI.

Question 23

What is Hyperplasia?

Answer 23

Increase in cell number
Physiological endometrial hyperplasia occurs in pregnancy whereas pathological hyperplasia occurs in endometriosis

Question 24

What is metaplasia?

Answer 24

Reversible change of one differentiated cell type with another
One example is cervical metaplasia where glandular epithelium is replaced by stratified squamous epithelium

Question 25

What is dysplasia

Answer 25

Abnormal change to cellular size, shape and/or organisation
Sometimes referred to as atypical hyperplasia
Can progress to cancer
Cevrix tissue is prone to dysplasia.