Pathology Flashcards
Examples of coagulative necrosis?
Occurs in kidney, heart, adrenals and hypoxic environment
Where does liquefactive (colliquative) necrosis occur?
Brain
Where does fat necrosis occur?
Pancreas
Where does gangrenous necrosis occur?
GI tract and peripheral limb
Where does caseous (granulomatous) necrosis occur?
TB infection
What type of epithelium lines the ovaries?
Cuboidal
What type of epithelium lines the fallopian tubes?
Columnar
What type of epithelium lines the Endometrium?
Columnar
What type of epithelium lines the endocervix?
Columnar
What type of epithelium lines the ectocervix?
Stratified squamous, non-keratinised
What type of epithelium lines the vagina?
Stratified squamous, non-keratinised
What type of epithelium lines the ureter?
Transitional
What type of epithelium lines the urinary bladder?
Transitional
What is Sheehan’s syndrome?
Hypopituitarism caused by ischaemic necrosis due to blood loss and hypovolaemic shock during and after childbirth.
Signs of Sheehan’s syndrome?
Abscence or difficulty with lactation, amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea and features of hypothyroidism (tiredness, weight gain etc) due to reduced TSH.
What is Hypopituitarism?
When one or more of the pituitary hormone levels is reduced.
What hormones are found in the pituitary?
GOATFLAP
Growth hormone
Oxytocin
ACTH
TSH
FSH
LH
A
Prolactin
Melanocyte stimulating hormone
What are the 4 microscopic characteristics of dysplasia?
- Anisocytosis (unequal cell size)
- Poikilocytosis (abnormal cell shape)
- Hyperchromatism (pigmentation)
- mitotic figures (increased cells currently dividing)
What is cellular adaptation?
Cellular changes that occur in response to environmental changes.
What are the 5 different types of adaptations that cells can undergo?
- Atrophy
- Hypertrophy
- Hyperplasia
- Metaplasia
- Dysplasia
What is atrophy
Decrease in cell size
May be physiological such as thymus atrophy in childhood or pathological such as disuse atrophy in neurological injury
What is hypertrophy
Increase in cell size.
Typically result of increased intracellular protein rather than cytosol
May be physiological such as muscle hypertrophy in weightlifters or pathological such as cardiac hypertrophy following MI.
What is Hyperplasia?
Increase in cell number
Physiological endometrial hyperplasia occurs in pregnancy whereas pathological hyperplasia occurs in endometriosis
What is metaplasia?
Reversible change of one differentiated cell type with another
One example is cervical metaplasia where glandular epithelium is replaced by stratified squamous epithelium
What is dysplasia
Abnormal change to cellular size, shape and/or organisation
Sometimes referred to as atypical hyperplasia
Can progress to cancer
Cevrix tissue is prone to dysplasia.
