Pathology Flashcards
White sponge nevus cause, effects
Mutations in cytokeratins 4 or 13
Innocuous, leukoplakia
Pachyonychia Congenita causes, effects
Mutations in CKT 6, 16, 17
Leukoplakia, thickened skin (acral skin) and thick nailbeds, innocuous
General info: Epidermolysis Bullosa causes, effects
Connection between epidermis and CT severed.
Lifethreatening, skin cant heal, low lifespan
Pemphigus Vulgaris causes, effects
Desmoglein 3 (desmosome deffect)
Blisters everywhere, skin peeling
Suprabasilar cleavage: basal cells still touching CT
Pemphigus foliaceus causes, effects
Demsoglien 1 (desmosome) defects
Suprabasilar cleavage: basal cells still touching CT
Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid and bullous pemphigoid
Both caused by BP230 and 180, hemidesmosome mutations.
Mucous: mucosa
Bullous: skin
Sub basilar cleavage: basal cells not touching CT
Different kinds of Epidermolysis Bullosa: simplex
Simple: KRT 5 or 14, or plectin. Most mild
Different kinds of Epidermolysis Bullosa: junctional
XJunctional: Col XVII, int a6b4, laminin 332. Most severe, Amel. Imp
Different kinds of Epidermolysis Bullosa: Dystrophic
Dystrophic: Col VII, risk of skin/oral cancer
Different kinds of Epidermolysis Bullosa: Kindler
Kindler: effects all layers
Causes, effects of scurvy
Lack of vitamin C, cant make collagen 1
Periodontal inflammation, lose teeth, bleeding
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Genetically and clinically heterogeneous
Insufficient collagen, issues 1,3,5
Stretchy skin, double jointed
Cutis Laxa
Elastin defect, saggy non stretchable skin
Marfan Syndrome
Fibrillin Defect
Tall slender. Long arms, arched palate, aortic rupture
Ankyloglossia
Developmental, tongue tied, short lingual frenulum
Leukoedema (trick question)
Not pathology, just variation of normal. Grey mucosa, disappears when stretched
Fordyce granules
Ectopic sebaceous glands
Geographic tongue, aka erythema migrans (trick q)
Variation of normal, splotches on tongue. Atrophy filiform papillae
Fissure tongue, trick
Ridges, normal
Hairy tongue
Filiform papillae overgrown
Ectodermal dysplasia info
Heterogeneous generic issues with epithelium.
Most common: X-linked hypohidrotic ED, EDA gene.
AD: p63 gene mutation
Hypothrichosus(no hair), abnormal nails, hypohidrosis (no sweat)
Dental agenesis: hypodontia, oligodontia
Warts
HPV
Herpes
Cold sore
Basal cell carcinoma
Most common cancer
Erythroplakia, dark spots
Hirsutism
Too much hair
Hypertrichosis
Genetic disease, way too much hair, werewolves
Lichen planus
Lichen growing on nails, lines/peeling
Plummer-vinson syndrome
Nail beds flat/bend wrong. SEVERE iron defiiciency
MC1R variations
MC1R is receptor for melanocyte stimulating hormone (a-MSH)
MC1R polymorphism = freckles
MC1R mutations (A.R. Inheritance): less eumelanin, red hair, UV sensitive.
Oral melanotic macule
Dark spot on lip, not from sun.
More melanin, not more melanocytes
Nevus
A mole, less than 5mm
Melanoma and criteria
Dysplastic nevi, too many nevi
A = asymmetry
B = Border, irregular
C = color uneven
D = Diameter >6mm
E = enlargement
Melasma
Irregular skin pigment on sun exposed face
Vitiligo
Autoimmune loss of melanin
Adrenocortical insufficiency
Addison disease
MSH comes from ACTH
Adrenal dysfunction, ACTH accumulates, diffuse pigmentation in skin and mucosa
Merkel cell carcinoma
Enlarged red mass
Highly aggressive
Merkel cell polyomavirus
Xeroderma pigmentosum
Kids cant go in sun. Genetically heterogeneous, but basically disruption in Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER), meaning UV damage is not repaired.
UV sensitive, high rate of skin and lip cancer, and neural and eye issues
Pathological Effects of sunlight on lips
Loss of vermillion border (solar elastosis)
Actinic cheilitis: white and red lips, bumpy
Cancer: sun >smoking in lip cancer
Herpes: cold sores
Pathological effects of sun on skin
Sunburn: blister, peeling
Solar lentigo: liver spots
Premature aging
Actinic keratosis: precancerous red spots
Cancer
Histopathology of sun exposure
Acanthosis: thick stratum spinosum
Hyperkeratosis: thick stratum superficiale
Melanosis: hyper melanin production
Solar elastosis: abnormal elastic, thicker white spots in CT
Primary Sjögren syndrome
aka Sicca syndrome
Xerodromia, xeropthalmia (dry eyes)
Autoimmune, anti-salivary gland
Parotid gland enlargement
Secondary Sjögren
Everything in sicca syndrome aand also other autoimmune issues
Sialorrhea
Excessive salivation. Anesthetic, denture, C.Palsy, jaw issue, acid reflux, rabies, heavy metal pisoning
Mandibulofacial dysostosis
Treacher-Collins Syndrome: decreased rRNA
Cranio facial issues
No parotid gland
Mucocele
Swollen bubble: rupture of salivary duct, often lower lip (trauma?)
Sialolithiasis
Salivary stones, usually submandibular
Acute bacterial sialadenitis
Means inflammation of salivary gland. Cant eat, swelling
Mumps
Epidemic parotitis
Very contagious, all excretions infected. Bilateral parotid swelling
Pleomorphic adenoma
Benign salivary gland tumor
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
Most common malignant salivary tumor
A) parotid
B) minor glands
