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MRI Book > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Differential diagnoses for severe unilateral STIR signal within the navicular bone?

A

Severe bone contousion or incomplete fracture.

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2
Q

Loss of sepreation between the DSIL and DDFT is suggestive of?

A

Adhesion formation.

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3
Q

A line if increase STIR signal within the navicualr bone between the attachement of the DSIl and CSL is suggestive of?

A

Increased stress through the podotrocheal apparatus

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4
Q

What level are DDFT lesions most common?

A

Most commonly at the level of the CSL (59.4%) and the navicular bone (59.0%). At the level of the proximal phalanx, core lesions predomi- nated (90.3%), whereas at the level of the CSL and navicular bone sagittal plane splits, dorsal abrasions and focal core lesions were most common.

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5
Q

What type of DDFT lesions predominate at the level o the proximal phalanx

A

Core lesions

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6
Q

What tpye of DDFT lesion/ sage or injury are only seen on T1 and T2w images?

A

Chronic lesions with fibro- plasia may only be seen in T1- and T2-weighted images. Lesions identified only in T1-weighted images may be degenerative or chronic with scarring or disruption of the normal collagen structure.

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7
Q

What abnormality of the DIPj can be seen in association with CL injury?

A

In association with CL injury, synovial fluid from the DIP joint may be seen axial to the injured CL in transverse or dorsal plane T2-weighted images, abaxial to the middle phalanx.

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8
Q

Which CL of the DIPj is more susceptible to magic angle

A

Lateral

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9
Q

Does MRI seem to under or over represent disease of the CLs of the DIPj

A

Some CLs appeared normal on MR images but were graded abnormal histologically, thus MRI may underestimate the presence of lesions.

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10
Q

Bone contousions in the foot most commonly occur in what regions?

A

Distal aspect of the middle phalanx, proximal half of the distal phalanx, lamapr processes of the distal palanx and navicular bone.

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11
Q

Mild diffuse decreased signal within the medial palmar process of the distal phalanx if or what significance?

A

of unlikely clinical significance

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12
Q

MRI finding with abscess fomration are?

A

localized area of high signal inten- sity on T2-weighted images (Figures 12.23d and e) and less intense increased signal intensity on T1-weighted images, consistent with the presence of proteinatious.

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13
Q

On high feild MRI of horses with laminitis the ratio of the width of the laminae relative to the dermis was what?

A

> 0.7

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14
Q

What is the signal intensity of keratomas genrally?

A

Hypointense on all sequences smoothly demarkated.

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15
Q

Why do penetrating injuries to the foot appear hypointense on all sequences?

A

typical of haemosiderin, gas or mineralization

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16
Q

CL injury of the PIPj is associated with which other injury?

A

Ipsilateral injury of the CL of the DIPj

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17
Q

Which disceplines most commonly suffer fetlock injuries?

A

TBs, Endurance horses, show jumpers.

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18
Q

In Thoroughbreds in training what is the common pattern or condylar densification within the fetlocks?

A

The bone is often more dense in the palmar/plantar regions of both medial and lateral condyles with a distinct zone of low-density bone within the medial and lateral parasagittal grooves separating the two condyles and the sagittal ridge. The lateral condyle is often, but not always, more dense than the medial.

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19
Q

Why might there be very mild increase STIR signal within the distal MC/T3 physeal region in sound horses?

A

Very mild STIR hyperintensity may be seen in the distal MC3/ MT3 physeal region in young horses in the absence of lameness likely due to the relatively increased vascularity.

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20
Q

Bone marrow oedema type injury associated with single loading event of the condyles of the cannon bone can be associated with which other injury?

A

Collateral ligament injury of the oposite side (distraction-type injury)

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21
Q

Subcondral bone injury of the MC/T condyles is more common in which condyle of which limb?

A

The lateral condyle is more com- monly affected in the hind limb, while the medial and lateral condyles are more equally represented in the forelimb.

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22
Q

Osteochondrosis of the sagittal ridge of the cannon bones is best seen on which sequences?

A

T1w and T2*w

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23
Q

The oblique DSLs are prone to magic angle artfact particularly proximally, therefore which sqeuences are needed to ensure accurate diagnosis?

A

T2 FSE and STIR (long TE sequences).

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24
Q

Which region of the ODSL is most commonly injured?

A

Proximal third.

25
Q

Which region of the SDSL is most commonly injured?

A

Distal third

26
Q

Studies have shown the medial and lateral ODSL may be asymmetric, which is ofeten larger?

A

the LODSL being greater in cross-sectional area and signal intensity ratio compared to the MODSL

27
Q

With injury to the SL what signal changes are expected in the muscle tissue?

A

Decreased signal intensity

28
Q

Why do tendons become hyperintense in MRI when injuryed?

A

Haemorrhage along with fibre pattern disruption, hyperplastic granulation tissue, immature collagen and hypercellularity.

29
Q

What attaches the periosteum to the bone?

A

Sharpey’s fibers

30
Q

Exostoses of the splint bones can be the result of what?

A

Direct trauma or secondary to desmitis of the interosseous ligament.

31
Q

Adhesions between the SL and splint bones are characterised by what on MRI?

A

low signal interruption of the normal high signal border of the suspensory ligament. Adjacent to this adhesion, the SL will have varying degrees of high signal within the ligament, indicative of damage, and may also be thickened at this location.

32
Q

Which region of the ALDDFT is increased in signal intensity on MRI?

A

Proximal to the third carpal bone the ligament is intermediate signal intensity.

33
Q

What is the most common region of the ALDDFT to get injured?

A

1-4cm distal to the carpometacarpal joint.

34
Q

Incomplete fracture of the proximo palmar metacarpal bone is more common medially or laterally?

A

Medial

35
Q

In acute haemarthrosis what signal intensity is expected in the fuild

A

the synovial fluid has relatively higher signal intensity on T1- and lower signal intensity on T2- weighted images than would normally be expected. Inflamed, oedematous synovium retains similar signal intensity to the surrounding synovial fluid.

36
Q

What is the origon of the ALDDFT in the forelimb?

A

Palmar aspect of the third carpal bone and the palmar carpal ligament.

37
Q

Of the interossesous ligaments in the tarsus which is most commonly affected

A

Centrodistal interosseous ligament.

38
Q

What can be used to decided if a cyst is more or less likely to be significant?

A

Surrounding increased STIR signal.

39
Q

What is the typical signal pattern of a sequestrum?

A

Sequestra are usually of low to intermediate signal intensity on T1- and T2-weighted sequences. A sequestrum is surrounded by increased signal intensity on PD, T2 and STIR sequences resulting from the presence of proteinaceous fluid or granulation tissue

40
Q

Do sequesctra typically contreast enhance on MRI?

A

Sequestra do not exhibit contrast enhancement

41
Q

What structure is indicated by the arrow?

A

The long plantar ligament, and there is abnormal increased signal within the ligament.

42
Q

What is the IV dose for administration of gadolinium?

A

0.1ml/kg for magnevist is most cost effective (half dose of SA, this is 50ml for a 500kg horse or = 0.05mmol/kg

Gadovist is now used in SA as Magnevist persists in brain tissue. This is used at 0.1ml/kg which = 0.1mmol/kk as it is 1mmol/ml.

43
Q

Which cruciate ligament is more likley to be suseptible to magic angle in a closed bore magnet?

A

Cranial

44
Q

What strucutre is commonly damaged with CrCL injury

A

Medial meniscus

45
Q

What clnical signs can occur with a piruitary mass?

A

endocrinological abnormalities or because of blindness related to compression of the optic chiasm and nerves

46
Q

The nomral pituitary on MRI is what size?

A

8–10 mm dorso-ventrally, and 18–25mm transversely and rostro-caudally

47
Q

Heterogenous contrast enhancement of the piruitary is?

A

indicative of pathology

48
Q

The pituitary is T2w hyperinse, is this normal or abnormal?

A

abnormal

49
Q

The pituiray is heterognous is this normal or abnormal?

A

abnormal

50
Q

A pituitary chromophobe adenoma occurs in which region of the gland and has which properties?

A

Pars distalis and is not endocinologically active (it is also much rarer and clincial signs will relate to compression of the optic chiasm).

51
Q

A pituitary adenoma occurs in which region of the gland and has which properties?

A

Pars intermedia and can be endocrinologically active secreating ACTH

52
Q

Inflamatory disease of the brain typically has what MR appearance?

A

The oedema and inflammation tend to create increased signal intensity on T2- weighted and FLAIR images and decreased signal intensity on T1-weighted images. Mass effect from inflammatory disease is inconsistent. Contrast enhancement is also variable.

53
Q

How long can haemosiderin remain in the brain causing T2*w suseptibility artefacts following head trauma and haemorrhage?

A

Years

54
Q

What is a contrcoup lesion?

A

When there is trauma to the head and the brain moves within the calvarium resulting in haemorrhage at the site of impact AND the opposite side of the head to the impact.

55
Q

What does the white arrow indicate?

A

Fontanelle is open with a meningiocelle formation.

56
Q

Do meningiomas and choroid plexus tumours contrast enhance?

A

Yes, avid uniform contrast enhancement.

57
Q

Do intra-axial abcesses contrast enhance?

A

Intra-axial tumours and abscesses may share common MRI characteristics; however, abscesses tend to be thicker-walled and may demonstrate periph- eral ‘rim’enhancement.

58
Q

What causes nigropallidal encephalomalacia or chewing disease?

A

Chronic yellow star thistle ingestion

MRI Book (2 decks)

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