Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Block 4 test 1 > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
WSET ® Level 4 D2 Business of Wine flashcards
1
Q

What happens during ischemia

A

Na pump slows.

In flux calcium, efflux of potassium.

Anerobic increase

low glycogen ,increase. lactic acid, low pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Mechanisms of irreversible injury

A

Low ATP

Mitochondrial damage

Membrane damage (calcium influx)

Increased ROS damage to lipids , proteins, and NA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Reversable vs irreversible

A

Reverse: swelling of ER and mitochondria, goes back down.

Irr: Breakage of PM , organelles , and nucleus leakage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Morphology of irreversible damage

A

Hypereosinophilia (RNA loss-pink)

Mitochondrial swelling nad amorphous densities.

Nuclear pynknosis (chromatin condensation), fragmentation, and dissolution.

Intracytopladmic myelin figures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Loss of O2 in cell

A

decrease in phospholipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Effect of increased cytosolic calcium

A

Lipid break down (due to phospholipase and protease activation).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Examples of liquefaction

A

brain infarct , abscess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Examples of fat necrosis

A

pancreatitis , pancreatic trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Example of caseous necrosis

A

TB, histoplasmosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Example of fibrinoid necrosis

A

nectorotic tissue due to immunological reaction.

Usually seen in blood vessels with deposition of complement and antibodies in vessels wall.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Physiological apoptosis

A

embryogenesis , menstrual cycle, lactating breast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Pathologic apoptosis

A

viral, injuring agents, anticancer drugs, radiation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Apoptosis mechanisms

A

Endonuclease activation

Cytoskeleton disruption by protease

Cytoplasmic protein cross linking by transglutaminase

Cell surface changes leading to phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Apoptotic morphology

A

shinrkage

chromatin condense

bleb (apoptotic bodies)

phagocytosis

lack of inflammatory reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Intrinsic pathway (mitochondrial)

A

**cytochrome C

Due to DNA damage or protein misfolding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Extrinsic pathway

A

Receptor ligand interaction

Fas , TNF receptor

caspase activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Intrinsic pathway

A

cytochrome C

caspase -9 activated,

process inhibited by BCL2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Extrinsic pathway

A

occurs in special cases

remove self reactive T-cells and kill infected cells, etc

also lead to caspase activity that breaks nucleus and cytoplasmic structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Physiologic: hormone induce

Pathologic: viral, papillomavirus. BPH -excessive stimulation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Physiologic: hormonal stimulaiton.

Pathologic: LVH, due to HTN, or valve stenosis-heart works very hard. The myocytes cannot divide, so only option is to increase in size.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Metaplasia

A

Reversible change
One type to another
-ciliated columnar to squamous (which is not functional in bronchi) can lead to squamous cell carcinoma.

If stimulus such as smoking persist, it can progress to displasia (cancer growth).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Hemosiderosis

A

iron overload in phagocytic cells (WBCs) no tissue damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

iron overload in parenchymal cells

there is tissue damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Causes of metastatic calcification

A

hyperparathyroidism

bone breakdown (cancer)

Increased vitamin D or sarcoidosis

Renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Dystrophic calcification

A

deposition of calcium salts in necrotic/ injured tissues.

hereptrophic bone may form with time.

26
Q

3 signs of chronic inflammation

A

Angiogenesis

Mononuclear cell infiltrate

Fibrosis

27
Q

Inducible nitric oxide production

A

Macrohages

28
Q

ROS is rapidly induced by assembly of phagocyte oxidase (respiratory burst)

A

Neutrophil

29
Q

Low levels of NO

A

Neutrophil

30
Q

High protein content , may contain white and red cells

A

Exudate

31
Q

Vascular reactions

A
  1. Increased blood flow
  2. Leakage of plasma proteins —>Edema
  3. Neutrophil emigration
32
Q

When proteins leak out of the vessel wall

A

exudate

33
Q

Decreased colloidal osmotic pressure (liver is not making enough protein to maintain osmotic pressure. Fluid leakage. Low pressure pushing down to keep fluid in.

A

Transudate - low protein content, few cells.

Can occur in liver and kidney disease.

34
Q

When you see pink fibrin. . think . . .

A

exudate

35
Q

WBC move toward

A

LPS, C5a

Leukotriene B4 (arachidonic acid derivative)
Cytokines -IL-8
36
Q

6-24 hours

A

Neutrophills

37
Q

24-48 hours

A

monocytes/macrophages

38
Q

Opsonins

A

Fc-gragment of IgG antibodies

C3b

39
Q

Primary granules in Neutrophils contains MPO which

A

H2O2——MPO—–> OCl- (bleach)

40
Q

Mast cells, basophils, and platelets secrete

A

histamine

41
Q

platelets secrete

A

serotonin

42
Q

neutrophils and macrophages secrete

A

lysosomal enzymes

43
Q

Vasodilation

A

histamine and prostaglandins

44
Q

Increased vascular permeability

A

histamine, C3a and C5a

Leukotrienes C4, D4, and E4

45
Q

Chemotaxis ans leukocyte recruitment and activation

A

TNF, IL-1
C3a , C5a
Leukotriene B4

46
Q

Fever

A

IL-1 , TNF

Prostaglandins

47
Q

Pain

A

prostaglandins

Brady kinin

48
Q

Tissue damage

A

Lysosomal enzymes of leukocytes

ROS

49
Q

Steroids inhibits

A

phospholipase

50
Q

Blister in thermal burn

A

serous
- Occurs with low cellular content in the exudate.

Micropgraph: look for separation with low cellular volume.

51
Q

uremic pericarditis , viral/chemical pneumonitis , idiopathic

A

Fibrinous

Micrograpth: shows abundant pink fibrin.

52
Q

Meningococcal meningitis

A

purulent

Micropgraph: pus + neutrophils. **Abundant neutrophils.

53
Q

IgE mediated, -asthma and parasitic infection

A

Eiosinophilic

54
Q

Rickettsial

A

Hemorrhagic

55
Q

Diptheria and pseudomembranous enterocolitis

A

Pseudomembranous

*Pseudomembrane formed due to disruption of the tissue.

** Micropgraph shows : dead tracheal epithelial cells, dead inflammatory cells, and fibrin exudate.

56
Q

Chronic inflammation micrograph

A

lots of blue-full of DNA

Pink – fibrotic tissue

57
Q

Inflammation and tissue injury

A

ROS
Protease, cytokines , etc,

Coagulation factors,

AA metabolites

58
Q

Repair

A

GF
Fibrogenic cytokines
Angiogenic factors
Remodeling collagenesis

59
Q

Granulomatous inflammation

A

Inflammation involving activated macrophages with an epithelioid appearance.

Few lymphocytes and plasma cells.

60
Q

Granuloma

A

Aggregation of epithelioid macrophages surrounded by a collar of lymphocytes and occasional plasma cells.

May have a rim of fibrous connective tissue.

61
Q

M2 macrophages produce cytokines and growth factors

A

FGF-2 and TGF-b (these help synthesize collagen)

Block 4 test 1 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions