Pathology 1 Flashcards
large volume of glandular epithelium with a marked increase in cell number and a low nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio describes what process?
hyperplasia
(increase in cell number but cells are not atypical
sign of abnormal glands?
glands are usually round
if there are too many cells squeezing into the lining of the gland the glands are thrown into folds causing a star shaped appearance
examples of hyperplastic conditions
prostate hyperplasia
G cell hyperplasia in the stomach (happens in PPI therapy as -ve feedback is turned off stimulating gastrin release)
thyroid hyperplasia (graves disease)
hypertrophy is commonly seen in which conditions?
skeletal muscle (body building) cardiac muscle (LV hypertrophy)
what is dysplasia?
benign abnormal growth of cell
basically means that the cell DNA has begun to accumulate mutations but hasnt yet developed the ability to invade
what is metaplasia?
reversible change from one mature cell type to another mature cell type in response to a stimulus
examples of metaplasia?
squamous metaplasia in resp tract (precursor to squamous cell carcinoma) barrets oesophagus (change from stratified squamous to columnar epithelium with goblet cells)
risk factors for endometrial carcinoma
age
larger lifetime exposure to oestrogen
obesity (adipose tissue produces oestrogen)
what is lynch syndrome?
HNPCC
type of microsatellite instability causing abnormalities of DNA mismatch repair proteins
results in increased colorectal, endometrial and TCC (bladder and ureteric) cancer
how can lynch syndrome be tested for?
detect microsatellite instability which is a marker for an error in mismatch repair proteins
once detected the genes can then be sequenced and look at the expression of the proteins using immunohistochemistry
examples of encoded proteins in lynch syndrome which can be mutated?
MLH1 MLH3 MSH2 PMS1 PMS2
what is a leiomyoma?
benign neoplasm of smooth muscle
connective tissue tumour consisting of spindle cells
growth of leiomyomas are dependant on what?
oestrogen
therefore most commonly arise between menarche and menopause
locations of leiomyosarcoma?
arise submucosally and project into the lumen
often in uterine smooth muscle causing bleeding and infertility
can also be intramural, subserosal and pedunculated
what is CGIN?
cervical glandular intraepithelial neoplasia
type of squamous abnormality in the cervix
what does koilocytic change indicate on a cervical smear?
HPV infection
koilocytic change = irregular nuclei with binucleate forms and a perinuclear halo
CIN 1/2/3?
1 = koilocytosis seen throughout full thickness but genuine dysplasia only in lower 1/3 2 = dysplasia into middle 1/3 3 = dysplasia full thickness
most common type of ovarian cyst?
simple cyst (e.g follicular cyst, luteal cyst)
categories of ovarian lesion
epithelial (most common) germ cell (2nd most common) sex cord/stromal metastases to ovary (krukenberg) neuroectodermal
types of epithelial ovarian lesion
serous tumour mucinour tumour endometroid tumour cystadenocarcinoma uncommon types
types of germ cell ovarian lesion
teratoma
dysgerminoma
uncommon types
types of sex cord/stromal lesion?
fibroma
granulosa-theca cell tumour
sertoli-leydig cell tumour
which cancers commonly metastasise to the ovary?
breast
lung
colon
other sites
germ cell tumours such as teratomas can develop into what?
endodermal, ectodermal or mesodermal components
types of germ cell tumour?
trophoblastic tumours
dysgerminomas
choriocarcinoma
yolk sac tumour
which inflammatory cells are most consistent with a reaction to a foreign material?
macrophage
name 4 things which can cause high HCG in pregnancy?
twin pregnancy
molar pregnancy
choriocarcinoma
ovarian germ cell tumours
