Pathologies Flashcards
What can an ECG assess?
Heart size, clots, tumours, contract and relaxation
What is an ejection fracture (EF)
Volume of fluid leaving chamber with each contraction
*measured by ECG
What are the 2 main causes of ischemic heart disease
- Coronary artery occlusion
2. Increased demand: hypertrophy, shock, increase HR
What’s creates angina and where does it radiate? Why?
Pain in chest wall and down L hand side
Transient MI -> ischemia triggers visceral fibres -> sympathetic trunk esp on L side -> use same ganglia to get into spinal cord as sensory nerves from arm -> brain thinks pain coming from L upper body
Briefly describe the 3 types of Angina, which is a predictor of an MI?
Stable: chronic stenosing atherosclerosis, symptoms w increased demand, relieved by rest or vasodilator
Prinzmetal: at rest
Unstable: progressive frequency/duration, (disrupted atherosclerotic plaque, superimposed thrombi, emboli) - predictor of an MI
What defines an MI? Two symptoms and three acute effects
Myocardial cell death
Pain, SOB
Arrhythmia, cardiac rupture, contractile dysfunction
What is heart valvular disease responding to? Name 5 ‘types’
Response to Injury
Mechanical Injury, stenosis, inflammation, degenerative changes (calcification, cholesterol), incompetence
Name 2 things that can occur as a direct result of congestion of the lungs
Pulmonary hypertension -> R Heart failure
Pathology of what occurs to ATRIA due to mitral stenosis
Increased atrial pressure/dilation
-> atrial thrombus -> systemic emboli
AND -> pressure on L recurrent laryngeal -> dysphagia/ortner’s syndrome
What is Rheumatic fever? What triggers it?
Immune-mediated multi-system inflammation disease, strep pharyngitis,
*attacks myocardium/heart tissue
What is a heart sign of rheumatic fever?
Rheumatic valvulitis: vegetation on the valve leaflet, deposits of bacteria, waste, etc.
What is chronic rheumatic valvular disease
Consequence of rheumatic fever, inflammatory deformity of valves (esp mitral)
What is infective endocarditis? What can be seen as a result of this? How is infective endocarditis preventable?
Infection of heart valves (commonly L) or endocardium by microbial agent
Friable vegetations can form: destroys underlying cardiac tissue, source of infective emboli
Give patients with valvular disease antibiotics for surgical/dental procedures + brush teeth
Three symptoms of aortic dissection, what are the two types?
‘tearing’ sudden onset chest pain radiating to the back, faintness, symptoms of stroke/MI
A: ascending aortic dissection, B: all others
What can happen as a result of a ruptured papillary muscle?
Valve dysfunction
