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Pathology & Physiology > Pathologies > Flashcards

Pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

What are the most common symptoms of Alzheimer’s?

A

Memory loss, confusion, judgment, following a conversation, misplacing items, changes in mood, ability to solve problems

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2
Q

What are the main structural differences within the brain? (Alzheimer’s)

A

. Plaques and tangles form

. Plaques - build up of peptide (amyloid beta) between the neurone

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3
Q

How are tangles formed within the brain?

Alzheimer’s

A

Formed by filaments in cytoskeleton being phosphorylated and kept in polymerised state

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4
Q

How are synapses kept in place? (Alzheimer’s)

A

Transmitter proteins at both sides

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5
Q

What are CAM? (Alzheimer’s)

A

Cell adhesion molecules

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6
Q

What are CAM disrupted by?

Alzheimer’s

A

Amyloid beta

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7
Q

How do amyloid beta affect CAM

Alzheimer’s

A

Inability to maintain structure which leads to a loss of nervous impulses

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8
Q

How is exocytosis of neurotransmitter affected

Alzheimer’s

A

High concentration of protein d-synuclein

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9
Q

What does d-synuclein do?

Alzheimer’s

A

Decreases the ability of vesicles containing neurotransmitter to fuse with cell membrane

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10
Q

What are the main symptoms of MS?

A

Vision problems, fatigue, memory loss, reduced mobility, pain, speech and swallowing issues

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11
Q

What happens when there is an accumulation of antibodies in CNS system?
(MS)

A

Destruction on myelin sheath

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12
Q

What are the main causes of MS

A

Inflammation of NS

Antibodies destroying myelin sheath

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13
Q

Triggering factors of MS

A

Herpes type 6
Epstein Barr virus
Sunlight exposure and vitamin D

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14
Q

Symptoms of MS

A

Can be diverse dependent on location

Nerves in brain and spinal cord are damaged

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15
Q

Treatment options for MS

A

Steroids

Treatment for specific symptoms eg fatigue

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16
Q

What is mitochondrial myopathy

A

Disease of the muscle, mitochondria within the cell are affected

17
Q

Symptoms of mitochondrial myopathy

A

Muscular and neuro problems
Muscle weakness, unable to exercise
Balance and co-ord issues

18
Q

Main problems with mitochondria myopathy

A

Low energy
Free radical production
Lactic acidosis

19
Q

Causes of MM

A

Mutation of a cell, potentially inheritable

20
Q

What causes diabetes?

A

Type 1 - absence of insulin - destruction of beta cells in the panc by immune systems

Type 2 - loss of sensitivity of body tissues to insulin - loss of receptors in cell membrane and defective receptors

Pregnancy - less common due to hormones - loss of response

21
Q

Symptoms of Diabetes

A

Increased thirst, lack of energy, glucose and protein in urine, blurry vision

Typical tests are glucose tolerance test, glycated albumin test

22
Q

Complications of diabetes

A

Atherosclerosis, nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy

23
Q

Treatment options for diabetes

A

Type 1 - insulin

Type 2 - diet, lifestyle, insulin therapy

24
Q

What is atherosclerosis

A

Build up of cholesterol within the cell wall

25
Q

Signs and symptoms of atherosclerosis

A

Progression of disease causes lumen to narrow, if coronary arteries affected -> angina, chest pain and fatigue
If carotid arteries -> weakness and confusion
If peripheral -> numbness and pain

26
Q

Risk factors of atherosclerosis

A 
Inflammation
Smoking
High BP
High cholesterol
Diabetes
27
Q

Treatment of atherosclerosis

A

Diet and lifestyle change

28
Q

Cells involved in atherosclerosis

A

Endothelial

29
Q

Effects of atherosclerosis

A

Coronary artery disease, heart attack, PE, kidney failure

30
Q

What role do calcium ions play in atherosclerosis?

A

Different arteries have different permeabilities to calcium ions, calcium deposition leads to necrosis and inflammation

32
Q

What is asthma

A

Condition caused by the narrowing of airways due to autoimmune reaction

33
Q

The chemical mediator for asthma is histamine, where is it stored?

A

Mast cells and basophils

Mediates 2/4 of cardinal signs, bronchospasms and oedema

Actions are blocked by histamines

Pathology & Physiology (1 decks)

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