Pathologies

Question 1

What are some signs and symptoms of varicose veins?

Answer 1

Aching ( often worse at night ), ankle swelling, brownish yellow discolouration, redness dryness itchiness termed venous eczema, cramps,

Question 2

Complications of varicose veins

Answer 2

Severe varicose lead to pain, tenderness, inability to walk or stand for long hours, dermatitis, ulcers, carcinoma in venous ulcer, severe bleeding from minor trauma, blood clotting, acute fat necrosis.

Question 3

Why might varicose veins occur (causes)

Answer 3

Pregnancy, prolonged standing, obesity, menopause, aging, leg injury, abdominal straining, most importantly in some people it is venous hypertension or venous insufficiency.

Question 4

What is dvt, where is it most common?

Answer 4

Deep vein thrombosis occurs most commonly at calf or thigh or pelvis. A primary cause of pulmonary embolism

Question 5

How does dvt come about?

Answer 5

From conditions that impair venous return (immobility), lead to endothelial injury or dysfunction (after leg fractures) or cause hypercoagulability
High risk, surgery, bed bound,

Question 6

Ethology of dvt?

Answer 6

Cancer is a risk factor,
Particularly in elderly patients and in patients with history of thrombosis,
Generally, above sixty, cancer and cig smokers.

Question 7

Dvt complications that can occur.

Answer 7

Chronic venous insufficiency, post phlebitic syndrome, pulmonary embolism.

Question 8

Symptoms and signs of dvt?

Answer 8

Sometimes a symptomatic,
Tenderness along distribution of vein in the leg
Swelling of entire leg
Aching., odema, erythema

Question 9

Prognosis of dvt?

Answer 9

Lower dvt 3% risk pulmonary embolism, a fatal one.

Question 10

Raynaud syndrome is what? Signs and symptoms? Primary vs secondary?

Answer 10

A vasospasm of parts of the hand in response to cold or emotional stress, creates colour changes, pallor, cyanosis or erythema, sometimes nose or tongue affected. Possibly exaggerated a adrenergic response. Primary (80%) occurs without symptoms or signs of other disorders, twenty percent have a causative underlying disease,
Secondary, accompanies various disorders and conditions, mostly connective tissue disorders.

Question 11

What arteries is giant cell arteritis mostly concerned with?

Answer 11

Thoracic aorta, large arteries emerging from the neck, and extracranial branches of the carotid.

Question 12

What is giant cell arteritis?

Answer 12

Vasculitis of more elastic tissue arteries

Question 13

Who would u expect mostly having giant cell arteritis.

Answer 13

Mean age 70, mostly in women. 40-60% have poly myalgia rheumatic. Main concern is any above 55.

Question 14

Signs and symptoms of giant cell arteritis

Answer 14

Headaches, visual disturbances, temporal artery tenderness, pain in jaw. Common for fever, weight loss, fatigue

Question 15

Aortic aneurysm is…?

Answer 15

Abnormal dilation of artery caused by weakness of the artery wall. >3 cm

Question 16

Signs and symptoms of aortic aneurysm

Answer 16

Usually asymptomatic but can cause pain in lumbo sacral region.
Become tender as enlarge, pain is deep, dull, boring,
Pt may be aware if abnormal pulsating

Question 17

Risk factors aortic aneurysm

Answer 17

Mostly from Athlesclerosis. Trauma, vasculitis, post surgical anastomatic disruption. Smoking, hypertension, family history

Question 18

Who AAA?

Answer 18

Most commonly 3x in men, 70-80 peak incidence.

Question 19

Vertebral artery insufficiency expected person?

Answer 19

Increase with age, usually 70/80, men 2x,

Question 20

Vbi risk factors?

Answer 20

Usually from Athlesclerosis. Other, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, dyslipidemias.

Question 21

Vbi causes?

Answer 21

Postural changes, neck extension, sudden or temp drops in blood pressure, exercise, dehydration,

Question 22

Vbi is?

Answer 22

Beauty parlour syndrome, decreased blood flow to posterior circulation of the brain, affects medulla, pons, occipital, midbrain, thalamus.

Question 23

Left heart failure causes?

Answer 23

Dyspnoea, pulmonary hypertension, fatigue, eventually right heart failure

Question 24

Right heart failure causes,

Answer 24

Peripheral odema, abdominal fluid accumulation,

Question 25

Chronic heart failure pathophysiology ?

Answer 25

Heart failure is left or right or both failure to provide tissues with adequate blood. Can cause congestion in organs from venous pressure increase. Abnormalities in either systolic or diastolic or both.
Systolic = HF with reduced EF (vent contracts poorly with inadequate emptying.
Diastolic = HF with normal EF.

Question 26

Peripheral vascular disease is what?

Answer 26

Athlesclerosis of the extremities, virtually always lower. That causes ischemia.

Question 27

Etiology pad? Peripheral vascular disease

Answer 27

Men affected more commonly, 12% in us. Same risks as Athlesclerosis. Hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, age, smoking, obesity.

Question 28

Signs symptoms pad?

Answer 28

Mild pad is usually asymptomatic or intermittent claudication(painful aching, cramping, fatigue in leg). Severe may cause rest pain with skin atrophy, hair loss, cyanosis, ischemia ulcers, gangrene.

Question 29

What might you sees if somebody was having a stroke?

Answer 29

Inability to move, speak properly, understand, vertigo, loss of vision,

Question 30

Risk factors of stroke?

Answer 30

High blood pressure, smoking, obesity, high cholesterol, diabetes,aterial fibrillation

Question 31

Reasons a stroke may occur?

Answer 31

Thrombosis, embolism, hypofusion, venous thrombosis,

Question 32

What is a varicose vein?

Answer 32

Vein that is enlarged or twisted. Issue with the valve that prevents blood flowing backwards. Leaflets of valves no longer meet properly causing abnormal blood flow and dilation.