Pathologies

Question 1

What is aplasmic anemia?

Answer 1

Blood disorder that results from bone marrow failure

Question 2

What is leukemia?

Answer 2

Blood disorder which results in abnormal overproduction of white blood cells

Question 3

What is the skin erythema dose?

Answer 3

Skin erythema is the received quantity of radiation that causes diffuse redness over area of skin after irradiation.

Question 4

What does ICRU abbreviate?

Answer 4

The International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurement (est 1925)

Question 5

What is a tolerance dose?

Answer 5

A tolerance dose is a radiation dose to which occupationally exposed persons could be continuously subjected without any apparent harmful acute effects, such as erythema of the skin.

Tolerance dose can be regarded as threshold dose.

Neither are used for the purpose of radiation safety today.

Question 6

What is a threshold dose?

Answer 6

A dose of radiation lower than which an individual has a negligible chance of sustaining specific biological damage.

Question 7

List 8 early tissue reactions of ionizing radiation

Answer 7

1. Nausea
2. Fatigue
3. Diffuse redness of the skin
4. Loss of hair
5. Fever
6. Blood disorders
7. Shedding of the outer layer of skin
8. Intestinal disorders

Question 8

List 6 late tissue reactions to ionizing radiation

Answer 8

1. Cataract formation
2. Fibrosis
3. Organ atrophy
4. Loss of parenchymal cells
5. Reduced fertility
6. Sterility

Question 9

What are the stochastic effects of ionizing radiation?

Answer 9

1.cancer
2. Genetic (heredity affects)

Question 10

What is absorbed dose?

Answer 10

The deposition of energy per unit mass in any material from exposure to ionizing radiation

Question 11

What is equivalent dose?

Answer 11

EqD is a quantutytha

Question 12

What is the SI unit of absorbed dose?

Answer 12

Gray (Gy)

Question 13

Exposure

Answer 13

A quantity of ionization produced in air

Question 14

Exposure (X) is defined as

Answer 14

The total electrical charge of one sign, either all plus or all minus, per unit mass that x-ray and gamma ray photons with energies up to 3 million electron volts (MeV) generate in dry (I.e., nonhumid) air at standard temperature and pressure (760 mm Hg or 1 atmosphere at sea level and 22 degrees Celsius). It is a radiation quantity that expresses the intensity of radiation delivered to a specific area, such as the surface of the human body.”

Question 15

To obtain precise measurement for exposure quantity, X, the total amount of ionization (charge) an X-ray beam produces in a known mass of air must be obtained

Question 16

Direct measurement of X

Answer 16

Normally accomplished in an accredited calibration laboratory (ADCL) by using a standard, or free-air, ionization chamber