PATHOLOGICAL REFLEXES (-NORMAL, ABS) (+ABNORMAL, PRES.)

Question 1

GLABELLA aka

McCARTHY

Answer 1

contraction of orbicularis occuli muscle upon percussion of supraorbital ridge.

Question 2

HOFFMAN

Answer 2

clawing of the fingers and thumb (flex. & add. of thumb w/ flex. of the fingers) upon flicking tip of index finger into ext.

Question 3

TROMNER

Answer 3

Flex. of 3 fingers and thumb upon tapping of the palmar surface or tips of middle 3 fingers

Question 4

ANKLE CLONUS

Answer 4

continuous involuntary contraction (sustained plantar flex.) of foot upon quick forcible dorsiflexion of the foot.

Question 5

BABINSKI

Answer 5

dorsiflex. of the big toe & fanning/splaying of other toes upon stimulation of the plantar surface of the foot. (lat>med)(plantar reflex)

Question 6

ALTERNATIVE TO BABINSKI R.

Answer 6

OPPENHEIM: pressure to ant. tibia stroking downward
CHADDOCK SIGN: stroking down the lateral leg behind lat. malleolus
GORDON SIGN: squeezing calf
SCHAEFER SIGN: squeexing achilles

Question 7

Clinical signs of upper motor neuron

Answer 7

1. Spasticity of ms. w/ poss. contractures
2. decreased ms. strength, little or no atrophy
3. presence of pathological reflexes
4. Altered superficial reflexes
5. hyperactive DTRs
6. No fasciculations (twitches)

Question 8

Clinical signs of lower motor neuron

Answer 8

1. Flaccidity of mucles
2. loss of ms. strength & tone,
   notice of ms. atrophy
3. absence of pathological reflexes
4. decreased or absent DTRs
5. altered superficial reflexes
6. fasciculations (twitches)