Pathological Features of Bladder and Male Genitourinary Tract Cancers

Question 1

bladder cancers are 3-4 x more common in ____ (gender)

Answer 1

men

Question 2

bladder cancers are more common after __ yo

Answer 2

60 yo
ie/ elderly

Question 3

risk factors for bladder cancer

Answer 3

• tobacco smoking
• occupational exposures
• environmental exposures (eg/ arsenic in water)
• chronic inflammation or injury (infection, radiation)
• certain drugs
• schistosmiasis

Question 4

most new diagnoses will present with ____ disease or __-invasive

Answer 4

early disease or non-invasive

Question 5

common clinical presentations for bladder cancer

Answer 5

• haematuria (blood in urine)

Question 6

urine cytology for suspection of bladder cancer only screens for ___ grade cancers

Answer 6

high grade

Question 7

urothelial carcinoma - 3 diagnoses

Answer 7

urothelial carcinoma (if flat): non-invasive carcinoma in situ -> if progresses, invasive urothelial carcinoma

urothelial carcinoma (if papillary): non-invasive papillary urothelial carcinoma -> low grade (—-> can progress into invasive urothelial carcinoma)

urothelial carcinoma (if papillary): non-invasive papillary urothelial carcinoma -> high grade (—> more likely to progress into invasive urothelial carcinoma)

Question 8

urothelial cells line

Answer 8

renal calyces, pelvis, ureters, most of bladder, part of urethra