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Novel vaccine technologies and applications - Chapter 2: Vaccine Immunology – the basics > pathogens presentations > Flashcards

pathogens presentations Flashcards

1
Q

T. brucei
(1. Transmission route
2. Major target tissues
3. Major pathology
4. Habitat
5. Observed IR
6. Vaccine?
7. Protective IR)

A
  1. inoculation via tse tse fly bite
  2. lympathics, CNS, blood
  3. chancre, lymphadenopathy, haemolymphathic stage: unspecific symptoms (headache, fatigue, weakness…), meningoencephalic stage: neuroinflammation, day: somnolecence, night: insomnia, hallucination, anxiety, coma, death
  4. EC
  5. humoral
  6. no
  7. complement, Th, Mf, Ab, APO1
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2
Q

P. aeruginosa
(1. Transmission route
2. Major target tissues
3. Major pathology
4. Habitat
5. Observed IR
6. Vaccine?
7. Protective IR)

A
  1. environmental contamination
  2. nonspecific
  3. infection, dependent on location
  4. IC, EC
  5. skin, complement, neutrophils, TLR4/5/9, CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells
  6. no
  7. skin, NK-cells, neutrophils, Th
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3
Q

Leishmania (VL)
(1. Transmission route
2. Major target tissues
3. Major pathology
4. Habitat
5. Observed IR
6. Vaccine?
7. Protective IR)

A
  1. inoculation via sandfly bite
  2. liver, spleen, LN, BM
  3. lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, ineffective erythropoiesis, post-kala azar dermatitis
  4. IC (phagolysosome in neutrophils in mø), EC (amastigotes in blood)
  5. complement, neutrophils: trojan horse -> M1 -> M2, Th2, Th17, Treg
  6. not for human VL
  7. ROS, NO, NK-cells, NKT-cells, Th1, M1, IFN-y, granuloma’s
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4
Q

Monkeypox
(1. Transmission route
2. Major target tissues
3. Major pathology
4. Habitat
5. Observed IR
6. Vaccine?
7. Protective IR)

A
  1. skin contact, respiratory
  2. skin, LN, liver, spleen, lungs
  3. enanthema in oropharyngeal mucosa, lesions in skin, complications (secondary bacterial infections, vision loss, vomiting, diarrhea)
  4. IC (replication in cytosol, assembly in viroplasm, tissue-resident immune cells: DC’s, mø in skin and respiratory tract -> migration to hepatocytes)
  5. CMI & humoral: monocytes, granulocytes, Th2 cytokines (humoral > CMI), Ab’s (IgM, IgG), impairment in NK-cells, CD4+ T-cells
  6. yes, smallpox vaccines: JYNNEOS, ACAM2000 (live-attenuated)
  7. neutralizing Ab’s
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5
Q

W. bancrofti
(1. Transmission route
2. Major target tissues
3. Major pathology
4. Habitat
5. Observed IR
6. Vaccine?
7. Protective IR)

A
  1. bite by infected mosquito injecting L3 larvae
  2. lymphatics of arms, legs, genitalia; Mif also reside in blood
  3. early stages: lymphadenitis, fever; chronic: complications, hydrocoele, obstruction, tropical pulmonary eosinophilia
  4. EC
  5. Th1 response initially, later: Th2 and humoral, M2, mast cells, eosinophils, IgG4, regulatory cells producing IL10, TGF-B
  6. no
  7. Th2 response, Tregs
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6
Q

HBV
(1. Transmission route
2. Major target tissues
3. Major pathology
4. Habitat
5. Observed IR
6. Vaccine?
7. Protective IR)

A
  1. Route of Transmission:
    Bloodborne Transmission: HBV is primarily transmitted through exposure to infected blood or body fluids. Common modes include:
    Needle Sharing: Among intravenous drug users.
    Blood Transfusion: Though rare now due to screening.
    Healthcare Exposure: Needlestick injuries or other occupational exposures.
    Sexual Transmission: Unprotected sexual contact with an infected person.
    Vertical Transmission: From an infected mother to her baby during childbirth.
    Close Personal Contact: Such as sharing razors or toothbrushes with an infected person.
  2. Major Target Tissues:
    Liver: HBV specifically targets liver cells (hepatocytes) where it replicates. This leads to inflammation and damage to liver tissue.
  3. Pathology:
    Acute Infection: After initial infection, the virus replicates in hepatocytes (liver cells). Symptoms can include jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, and elevated liver enzymes. Many cases are asymptomatic.
    Chronic Infection: In some individuals, particularly those infected at a young age, HBV can cause a chronic infection leading to ongoing liver inflammation.
    Liver Damage: Chronic hepatitis B can result in progressive liver damage, leading to cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) and an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer).
  4. Location: Extracellular or Intracellular:
    Intracellular: HBV is an intracellular virus that replicates within hepatocytes. The virus’s DNA integrates into the host cell’s genome.
    Extracellular: The virus also exists extracellularly in the blood and bodily fluids, allowing for transmission to new hosts.
  5. Immune Reaction:
    Innate Immune Response: The initial immune response involves the activation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that detect viral components, leading to the production of interferons and other cytokines to limit viral replication.

Adaptive Immune Response:
Humoral Immunity: B cells produce antibodies against HBV surface antigens (HBsAg). The presence of these antibodies indicates an immune response to the virus or vaccination.

Cell-Mediated Immunity: CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) recognize and kill HBV-infected hepatocytes. This response is crucial for clearing the virus but can also contribute to liver damage if excessive.
Vaccines:

  1. Available Vaccines: Several effective vaccines are available to prevent HBV infection. These vaccines use recombinant DNA technology to produce non-infectious HBV surface antigens (HBsAg), which stimulate the immune system to produce protective antibodies without causing disease.
    Standard HBV Vaccine: Given in a series of three or four injections over six months. It is highly effective in producing immunity.
    Combination Vaccines: HBV vaccine combined with other vaccines, such as those for hepatitis A or DTP (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis).
    Effectiveness: The HBV vaccine is over 90% effective in preventing infection and its chronic consequences. Universal vaccination of infants and high-risk groups has significantly reduced the incidence of HBV globally.
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7
Q

CMV
(1. Transmission route
2. Major target tissues
3. Major pathology
4. Habitat
5. Observed IR
6. Vaccine?
7. Protective IR)

A
  1. body fluids (blood, urine, tears, saliva, semen, vaginal secretions)
  2. blood, colon, eye, brain, heart, liver
  3. compromised IS, congenital: sensorineural hearing loss, cerebral palsy, retinitis
  4. IC (nucleus)
  5. CMI, mostly NK-cells
  6. no
  7. NK-cells, CTL
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8
Q

D. medinensis
(1. Transmission route
2. Major target tissues
3. Major pathology
4. Habitat
5. Observed IR
6. Vaccine?
7. Protective IR)

A
  1. contaminated drinking water
  2. stomach, skin
  3. unspecific (fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea), cutaneous ulcers, local abcess, intense itching, chronic arthritis
  4. EC
  5. Th2 response, humoral, IgE, IgG4
  6. no
  7. Th2 response, IgE
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9
Q

T. cruzi
(1. Transmission route
2. Major target tissues
3. Major pathology
4. Habitat
5. Observed IR
6. Vaccine?
7. Protective IR)

A
  1. vector-borne (triatome bug), blood transfusion, congenital, contaminated food/juices
  2. acute: spleen, liver, LN, heart, fibroblasts, muscle cells, neuronal cells, immune cells (mø) -> mostly any cell; chronic: heart, intestinal muscles, CNS, BM
  3. acute: chancre (Romana’s sign), fever, swollen LN, headache, anorexia, hepatosplenomegaly; chronic: asymptomatic, megacolon/oesophagus, CCC
  4. IC, EC
  5. humoral
  6. no, in development: Tc24, TcTASV (subunit)
  7. Th1 response, CTL, neutralizing Ab’s
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10
Q

O. volvulus
(1. Transmission route
2. Major target tissues
3. Major pathology
4. Habitat
5. Observed IR
6. Vaccine?
7. Protective IR)

A
  1. inoculation via blackly bite (injection L3 larvae)
  2. skin, eyes, LN, blood, urine, CSF
  3. onchocercomata (sc nodules), ochodermatitis, itch, river blindness
  4. EC
  5. innate: alarmins, innate immune cells, pro-infl cytokines, Th2 response; adaptive: IL10 in chronic phase, IgE, M2, Treg
  6. no
  7. /
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11
Q

HTLV
(1. Transmission route
2. Major target tissues
3. Major pathology
4. Habitat
5. Observed IR
6. Vaccine?
7. Protective IR)

A
  1. direct contact
  2. lymphatics, blood, CNS
  3. ATLL, TSP, HAM
  4. IC (cytosol)
  5. CMI
  6. no
  7. CTL, Th1, NK-cells, DC’s
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12
Q

G. lamblia
(1. Transmission route
2. Major target tissues
3. Major pathology
4. Habitat
5. Observed IR
6. Vaccine?
7. Protective IR)

A
  1. ingestion of infectious cysts (contaminated water/food), pro-faecal
  2. intestinal epithelial cells of small intestine
  3. giardiasis: malabsorption -> steatorrhea, malnutrition, dehydration
  4. EC
  5. mucosal immunity: Ag-sampling cells (DC’s, M-cells), GALT, Peyer’s patches, innate immunity: AMP’s, NO, complement, neutrophils
  6. no
  7. AMP’s, Th2 response, IgA
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13
Q

H. pylori
(1. Transmission route
2. Major target tissues
3. Major pathology
4. Habitat
5. Observed IR
6. Vaccine?
7. Protective IR)

A
  1. person-to-person, oral, oro-fecal
  2. epithelial, parietal, chieff cells of stomach & duodenum
  3. gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, gastric adenocarcinoma
  4. EC
  5. ROS, neutrophils, pro-infl cytokines (IL1B, IL8)
  6. no
  7. neutrophils, monocytes/mø, pro-oxidant & pro-infl response, humoral: IgG, IgA
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14
Q

T. gondii
(1. Transmission route
2. Major target tissues
3. Major pathology
4. Habitat
5. Observed IR
6. Vaccine?
7. Protective IR)

A
  1. undercooked meat, contaminated water, cat faeces
  2. cysts in CNS, skeletal/cardiac muscle
  3. generally asymptomatic, mild flu-like symptoms, toxoplasmosis -> encephalitis, ocular toxoplasmosis, congenital toxoplasmosis
  4. IC (parasitophorous vacuole), EC
  5. type 1 response, humoral for long-term
  6. Y lambs, N human (live attenuated)
  7. Th1 cytokines, monocytes/mø, ILC’s
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15
Q

Rabies
(1. Transmission route
2. Major target tissues
3. Major pathology
4. Habitat
5. Observed IR
6. Vaccine?
7. Protective IR)

A
  1. bite/scratch of infected animal (mostly dogs)
  2. CNS
  3. severe encephalitis and myelitis
  4. IC (cytoplasm)
  5. local info, neutrophils, antiviral state, CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, neutralizing Ab’s
  6. HDCV, PCECV, RVA, RIG
  7. skin/mucosa as barrier, innate IS, CMI, humoral (neutralizing Ab’s), PEP, wound-cleaning, vaccines, long incubation
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16
Q

N. fowleri
(1. Transmission route
2. Major target tissues
3. Major pathology
4. Habitat
5. Observed IR
6. Vaccine?
7. Protective IR)

A
  1. inhalation of contaminated water via nasal cavity -> migrates to brain via olfactory nerves
  2. CNS
  3. PAM, destruction astrocytes and neurons by trogocytosis
  4. EC
  5. innate: complement, neutrophils, mø, pro-infl cytokines; adaptive: T-cells, Ab’s
  6. no
  7. neutrophils
17
Q

Loa loa
(1. Transmission route
2. Major target tissues
3. Major pathology
4. Habitat
5. Observed IR
6. Vaccine?
7. Protective IR)

A
  1. chrysops/deer fly bite
  2. connective tissues, eye (adult worm); blood (Mif)
  3. calabar swelling (angioedema) of extremities/arm/face, ocular passage, swelling of lid, conjunctivitis
  4. EC
  5. CMI -> Th1, Th2 response, humoral -> IgE, IgG4
  6. no
  7. Th2 response, Ab’s
18
Q

S. aureus
(1. Transmission route
2. Major target tissues
3. Major pathology
4. Habitat
5. Observed IR
6. Vaccine?
7. Protective IR)

A
  1. breach of skin/mucosal membrane
  2. skin, soft tissues, immune cells (neutrophils, mø)
  3. bacteremia, osteomyelitis, abscesses, carbuncles, cellulitis, pneumonia, endocarditis, TSS, UTI’s
  4. IC (immune cells -> cytosol, phagolysosome)
  5. TLR2 on neutrophils, other immune cells, phagocytosis, CD4+ T-cells, Ab’s
  6. no
  7. /
19
Q

B. burgdorferi
(1. Transmission route
2. Major target tissues
3. Major pathology
4. Habitat
5. Observed IR
6. Vaccine?
7. Protective IR)

A
  1. ixodes tick bite
  2. skin, joints, heart, CNS (migration via blood/lymph to other tissues)
  3. early localized phase: skin rash, erythema migrans, unspecific symptoms, early dissemination phase: cardiac & neurological manifestations, late dissemination phase: chronic arthritis with joint swelling
  4. IC (neutrophils, mø), EC
  5. innate: ROS, complement, neutrophils, NK-cells, mast cells, monocytes/mø; adaptive: yQ T-cells, Th1, Th2, Th17, CTL’s
  6. no
  7. complement, neutrophils, IgG, IgM
20
Q

Leishmania (CL+MCL)
(1. Transmission route
2. Major target tissues
3. Major pathology
4. Habitat
5. Observed IR
6. Vaccine?
7. Protective IR)

A
  1. inoculation via sandfly bite
  2. CL -> mø in skin; MCL -> mø in skin & oropharyngeal mucosa
  3. CL -> superficial skin ulcers, necrosis, crust formation, usually self-healing; MCL -> deep ulcers extending to cartilage & subcutis, deformation of face
  4. IC
  5. mostly innate to destroy promastigote -> ROS, NO, complement, neutrophils, mø
  6. no
  7. not known

Novel vaccine technologies and applications - Chapter 2: Vaccine Immunology – the basics (2 decks)

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