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Biology Unit 3 AOS 1 > Pathogens, antigens and allergens > Flashcards

Pathogens, antigens and allergens Flashcards

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1
Q

Pathogen

A

An agent that causes disease

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2
Q

Antigen

A

Any molecule that may trigger an immune response / activate immune system

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3
Q

Non self antigen

A

A molecule from outside the body that is recognised by the immune system and initiates an immune response. Also known as a foreign antigen

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4
Q

Major histocompatibility complex ( MHC ) proteins

A

A group of proteins present on the surface of all self - cells that enables the immune system to distinguish it from non - self material. Also known as self antigens

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5
Q

What are self antigens also called

A

Major histocompatibility complex 1

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6
Q

MHC I

A

proteins expressed on all nucleated cells of the body. Therefore most cells of the body minus RBC’S

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7
Q

MHC II

A

proteins are found on specialized cells of the immune system

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8
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

A disease in which an individuals immune system initiates an immune response against their own cells

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9
Q

Allergen

A

A non pathogenic antigen that triggers an allergic reaction

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10
Q

Allergic reaction

A

An over reaction of the immune system to a non pathogenic antigen

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11
Q

How does a virus infect a cell?

A

First they must link with host cell and inject DNA / RNA

attachment
penetration
biosynthesis of components
reassembly and lysis

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12
Q

Types of antigens

A

self antigens
non self antigens
allergens

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13
Q

Malfunctions involving self antigens/self-markers

A

self cells that set off the immune system.

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14
Q

Disease

A

Any change that impairs the function of an individual in some way.

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15
Q

Infectious Disease

A

A disease caused by a pathogen.

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16
Q

Infection

A

When the pathogen is present in/on the host.

17
Q

Sterile

A

Free from pathogens

18
Q

Types of pathogens

A

Cellular pathogens
Non cellular pathogens

19
Q

Cellular pathogens

A

A pathogen that has a cellular structure and exhibits the processes of a living organism . Examples include bacteria, fungi, protozoa and parasites

20
Q

Non cellular pathogens

A

A pathogen that neither has a cellular structure nor exhibits the processes of a living organism . Examples include viruses and prions

21
Q

Prions

A

Are proteins that can reproduce on their own and can be infectious through consumption. They are abnormally folded proteins that can induce normal nearby proteins to become misfolded, Only occur in mammals and only affect brain. They do not contain nucleic acids

There are 2 forms of prions:
- PrP-sen (normal)
- PrP-Sc (disease causing)

22
Q

Viruses

A
  • An infectious agent composed of genetic material ( DNA / RNA ) inside a protein coat ( capsid )
  • Viruses can cause disease through the lysis of cells during viral replication
  • must infect a host before reproduction
23
Q

Lysis

A

The disintegration or rupturing of a cell

24
Q

Hyphae

A

Branching filaments of a fungus which help absorb nutrients from the environment

25
Q

Parasite

A

An organism that lives in or on another organism, usually deriving nutrition from a host

26
Q

Best treatment for viruses

A

vaccinations

27
Q

How may bacteria enter humans

A

body contact
sexual contact
food and water
droplet or airborne
carrying vector

28
Q

How does bacteria reproduce

A

binary fission

29
Q

Treatment of bacterial infection

A

antibiotics

30
Q

Fungi

A

Eukaryotic organism that secretes digestive enzymes into the environment. They include yeasts and moulds and contain long branching filaments called hyphae

31
Q

Worms

A

multicellular invertebrate parasites. Can vary in length

32
Q

Protozoa

A

Single celled eukaryotes that can be free living or parasitic/ They have many different mechanisms of action

Biology Unit 3 AOS 1 (1 decks)

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