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Biology February Mock > Pathogens And Disease > Flashcards

Pathogens And Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

For 6.15 - 6.15 and CP15 see January Mock ‘Antibiotics’

A
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2
Q

What do microroganisms do when plants and animals die?

A

Secrete enzymes that decompose dead organic matter into small molecules so that they can respire

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3
Q

What small molecules are released from decomposition?

A

Methane and CO2 are recycled back into thr atmopshere

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4
Q

Describe bacteria

A

Single-celled prokaryotic (no nucleus) microroganisms that are a few micrometers long

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5
Q

Name the parts in the structure of bacteria:

A 
Free-floating DNA (all)
Ribosomes (all)
Cell wall (all)
Cell membrane (all)
Flagellum (most)
Pili (most)
Plasmids (most)
Slime capsule (most)
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6
Q

Bacteria: Describe flagellum

A

Long hair-like structures thay rotate to help with movement

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7
Q

Bacteria: Describe pili

A

Short hair-like structures that help bacteria stick to other cells and are used in gene transfer

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8
Q

Bacteria: Describe free-floating DNA

A

Most of DNA is in one long, circular, coiled-up strand called a bacterial chromosome

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9
Q

Bacteria: Describe plasmids

A

Small loops of DNA that contain genes for antibiotic resistance + can be passed between prokaryotes

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10
Q

Bacteria: Describe the slime capsule

A

Protects the bacterium from attack by cells of the immune system

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11
Q

Bacteria: Describe plasmsa membrane

A

Mainku made of lipids and proteins

Contains folds called mesosomes = artefacts produced from electron microscope preparation

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12
Q

Bacteria: Describe the cell wall

A

Made of peptidoglycan

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13
Q

Bacteria: Describe ribosomes

A

Produce peoteins from mRNA 70s

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14
Q

Describe viruses

A

Micororganisms but not cells, they are simply nucleic acids surrounded by protein
Tiny

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15
Q

What do bacteria have that viruses dont?

A

Bacteria habe plasma membrane, cytoplasm and ribosomes

Viruses do not

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16
Q

Describe the components of the structure of viruses:

A 
Protein coat
Attachment proteins 
Core of nucleic acid eg. rna or dna 
Envelope (most)
Proteins inside capsid eg enzymes (most)
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17
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Any organism that causes disease

18
Q

Name of disease caused by a pathogen

A

Infectious disease

19
Q

What does HIV do + why significant

A

Infects and destroys T helper cells which act as a host for the virus
T helper cells activate other immune system cells so hugely important

20
Q

How does HIV spread?

A

Throigh infected bodily fluids eg. mucosal surfaces, damaged tissue, bloodstream

21
Q

How does HIV reproduce?

A

Can only reproduced INSIDE the cells of the infected organism
HIV replicates inside T helper cells

22
Q

How does HIV replicate?

A
  • Attachment protein on virus (glycoprotein) attaches to CD4 receptor molecules on cell membrsne of T helper cell
  • Capsid releases RNA into the cell
  • Reverse transcriptase makes a complementary strand of DNA from the viral RNA template
  • Double-stranded DNA is made and inserted into human DNA using integrase
  • Host cells enzymes used to make viral proteins from viral DNA
  • Viral proteins assembled into new virsues which bud from host cell
  • T killer cells kill infected T helper cells
23
Q

What does HIV lead to

A

AIDS - conditiom where the immune system deteriorates and fails

24
Q

When is someone classed as having AIDS

A
  • When symptoms of failing immune system appear

- T helper ceel count drops below certain level

25
Q

Describe initial symptoms of AIDS

A

Minor infections of mucous membrane and revuuring respirstory infections

26
Q

Describe the mid-stages of AIDS

A

Number of T helper cells further decreases leading to more serious infections eg. TB

27
Q

Describe late stages of AIDS

A

Very low number of T helper cells and a serious range of infections
Serious infections kill NOT AIDS itself

28
Q

Name some factors affecting progression of HIV to AIDS

A

Strain of HIV
Age
Existing infections
Access to healthcare

29
Q

What bacteria causes tuberculosis?

A

Myobacterium tuberculosis

30
Q

How does TB spread

A

When tiny droplets containing bacteria are inhaled into the lungs

31
Q

Where is tuberculosis tsken up?

A

By phagocytes in the lungs

32
Q

What happens to bacteria in tubercules?

A

The bacteria becomes dormant and infected person shows no symptoms

33
Q

How does infection of myobacterium lead to TB disease

A

The dormant bacteria are reactivated and overcome the immune system
More likely in people with weakened immune systems

34
Q

Describe initial symptoms of TB

A

Fever, weakness, sever coughing

35
Q

How can TB lead to death?

A
  • Damages the lungs whcih can cause respiratory failure leading to death
  • Spread from lungs to other organs eg. Kidney leading to organ failure and death
36
Q

Name the 4 major routes taken by pathogens

A
  • cuts in the skin
  • digestive system through contaminated food
  • respiratory system through inhalation
  • muscosal surfaces eg. nose, mouth, genitals
37
Q

Name the barriers that prevent infection

A
  • stomach acid
  • skin
  • gut and skin flora
  • lysozyme
38
Q

Describe how stomach acid acts as a barrier to infection

A

Acidic conditions of stomach denature enzymes in the pathogens howeber some survive and pass into intestines and invade cells of the gut

39
Q

Describe how skin acts as a barrier to infection

A

Physical barrier

If you vut the skin, blood clots form at the area

40
Q

Describe how gut and skin flora act as a barrier to infection

A

Intestines and skin covered in billions of harmless microorganisms that compete with pathogens for nutrients and space which limits the number of pathogens living their

41
Q

Describe how lysozymes act as a barrier to infection

A

Mucosal surfaces produce secretions eg. Tears, saliva which contain the enzyme lyozyme that kill bacteria by damaging their cell walls causing them to burst

Biology February Mock (9 decks)

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