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BIology > Pathogens > Flashcards

Pathogens Flashcards

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1
Q

Protazoa (protists)

A

eukaryotic, singled celled.
Eg: malaria, amebasis,
treatment: antibiotics

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2
Q

Virus

A

non-living (cant reproduce on its own, no cellular respiration, no metabolism), obligate intercellular parasite

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3
Q

Bacteria

A

Prokaryotic, single celled.

  • live and reproduce only on surfaces of human cells or in bodily fluids= extracellular pathogens
  • live and reproduce inside or outside the cell= faculative intracellular pathogens
  • just within host cell= exclusive intracellular pathogens
  • binary fission = 20-30 mins
  • produce exotoxins= highly toxic soluble protiens that’s produced as a part of the bacteria’s metabolism= can damage plasma membrane, inhibit protein synthesis, block normal nerve function, etc.
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4
Q

Macroparacites

A

cellular, visible to naked eye, lives in host.

eg: roundworms, hookworms, whipworms, isopod

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5
Q

Why do virus have antigens on its surface?

A

So they can bind to the host cell and be drawn into them to incopperate it’s RNA/DNA into the genome of the host

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6
Q

Fungi

A

cellular,
rigid cell wall
spores
eg: Tinea yikes (athlete’s foot), thrush (oral candidiasis
treatment: antifungal agents- prevents fungal cells growing and reproducing, or killing them.

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7
Q

First line of defence (animal)

A

intact skin, stomach acid, lysosomes in tears, silated mucous membranes (airways, nose), hair (nose), explusion reflexes (coughing, sneezing)

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8
Q

First line of defence (plants)

A

intact layers of cells over surface of leaf (epidermis), wavy cuticle over epidermis.

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9
Q

Mast cell

What does it do, what is it apart of, and where is it found?

A

(Myeloid, myelocyte)

  • part of the SOD
  • found in connective tissue.
  • releases histamine upon the identification of a foregin substance
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10
Q

Neutrophil

What does it do, what is it apart of, and where is it found?

A

(myloid, myeocyte)

  • Phagocytes. Most common kind of white blood cells.
  • engulfs and destroys non-self particles.
  • found just chilling in the bloodstream bro.
  • comes to the site of the infection when histamine is released, as the cappilaries vasodialates and becomes more permiable.
  • releases cytokines to attract “back up,” ie: macrophages
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11
Q

Macrophage

What does it do, what is it apart of, and where is it found?

A

(myeloid, monocyte, inate immune response) -Phagocytes, MHC2

  • All over body.
  • engulfs and destroys pathogens
  • can present part pathogen on cell surface= travel through lymphatic system to activate specific t-helper cell (activates specific immune res[ponse)
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12
Q

Dendritic cells

A

(myeloid, monocyte, inate immune response) Phagocytes, MHC2

Tend to be on surface of body (skin, mucus)

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13
Q

MHC2

A

when engulfed, it removes the the antigens on pathogens and presents on itself to other white blood cells.

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14
Q

Natural Killer cell

What does it do, what is it apart of, and where is it found?

A

(lympoid) , inate immune response
- produces death ligands
- releases proteins that can cause lyses or induce apoptosis
- virus infect cells and cancer cells, but also disrupt cell wall of bacteria
- signalled for using cytokines, ie interferon

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15
Q

self- antigens

A

compounds present in a host that are not recognised as foregin to the host, but will produce an immune response in all other organisms.

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16
Q

non-self antigens

A
  • compounds that are recognised as foregin to a host, which trigger an immune response.
  • (generally protiens, but can be polysaccharies)
17
Q

prions

A
  • glycoprotien
  • exsists in two forms: normal harmless form=P, or infectious form= Pr
  • difference b/w them is the secondary structure involved.
  • reproduce by coming into contact with P and changing the morphology of it. = changes 2o structure.
  • no cure: heat resistant, uv light resistant,
18
Q

disease

A

any change that impairs the function of an indv in some way.

19
Q

allergn

A

antigenn that produces an abnormally vigourous immune response in which the immune system fights off the precieved threat that would otherwise be harmless to the body.

20
Q

during an infection, why does the armpit and neck area get hella warm?

A

both sites with lymph nodes.

21
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

A

organs where the lymphocytes are formed and mature.

-bone marrow and thymus

22
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs?

A
23
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

it is the indirect protection of populations from infection where the protection is created by the presence of immune individuals in the population and the protection is recieved by unvacinated individuals.
-only for infectious diseases that are contagious

24
Q

Why is herd immunity important?

A

to ensure that individuals that cannot recieve the vaccine, due to allergies or any other complications can still be protected.

25
Q

How does herd immunity work?

A

By maintianing a high propotion of vaccinated individuals in a population, the infectious disease is unable to have a chance to establish itself and spread.

26
Q

What are autoimmune diseases?

A

the failiure of the body to recognise its own cells as “self,” and produces autoantibodies that attack the body’s own cell.

27
Q

Examples of autoimmune diseases

A

Multiple sclerosis (MS), type 1 diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

28
Q

What happens in MS?

A

the immune system attacks and damages certain structures and cells in the CNS: myelin, oligodendrocytes (produces myelin) and underlying nerve fibres (axons?)

29
Q

What happens when myelin is destroyed?

A

the nerve fibres become exposed, which in turn slow down or block neural communication. Depending on which nerves are effected, MS can result in slurred speech, lack of coordination, numbness, etc.

30
Q

Causes of MS?

A
  • nothing solid has been found
  • research has found links with environmental factors acting as triggers (prevalence of MS in tasmania is higher than northern Queensland)
  • hereditary compoent
31
Q

What is the word for an allergic reaction?

A

hypersensitive reaction

32
Q

Which class of antibody is involved in allergic reactions?

A

IgE

33
Q

What is a rpimed mast cell?

A

A mast cell coated in IgE antibodies

34
Q

sensitisation to allergn, + preparations for next time

A

the allergn is inhaled and may become lodged in on mucous membrane, and the immune system recognises the antigen present on the allergn as non-self, and thus the immune response is activated.
to prepare for next time, primed mast cells are created, which are found in tje linings of the body including the airway.
1. Primed mast cell is activated and binds to allergn. The binding of the allergn to the IgE activates the mast cell, resulting in degranulation.
2. Migration of more immune cells to produce an imflammatory response.

35
Q

Histamine in allergic reactions

A

increased blood flow= reddness.
increased permiabilty= swelling and pain
explosive refluxes= coughing, sneezing,
other stuff= watery and itchy eyes, nasal congestion.

36
Q

What is an immune deficiency disease, and what is an example?

A

Low or weak activity of the immune system.

eg: HIV

37
Q

What is HIV?

A

Human immunodeficiency virus is a retrovirus that causes AIDS.

38
Q

How does HIV work?

A

It attacks the host’s immune system, which leaves the host vunerable to being infected by other diseases. Specifically, CD4 (responsible for orchestrating and controlling the functions of the immune system) cells are attacked.

39
Q

When does HIV become AIDS?

A

when the immune system is damaged badly enough that it becomes vunerable to opportunistic infections.
When CD4 cell count falls below 200 cells per cubic millimetre of blood.

BIology (7 decks)

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