PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS AND PARASITIC HELMINTHS

Question 1

refers to microorganisms that live on or within the
human body without causing disease under normal conditions

Answer 1

Microflora

Question 2

Human body consists of _____________ eukaryotic cells but harbors ____________ microbial cells

Answer 2

1. ~10 trillion
2. ~100 trillion

Question 3

Microbial genes (microbiome) are ____ times the number of human genes.

Answer 3

100

Question 4

Types of Microflora

Answer 4

Resident Microflora
Transient Microflora

Question 5

Always present in specific body areas like skin, conjunctiva, mouth, nose, throat, large intestine, and genital openings

Answer 5

Resident Microflora

Question 6

Temporarily present under certain conditions, such as increased nutrients or moisture

Answer 6

Transient Microflora

Question 7

Roles of Microflora

Answer 7

Symbiotic Relationship
Protection
Immune System Development
Metabolism

Question 8

Host provides nutrients and support; microbes affect
host cells and functions

Answer 8

Symbiotic Relationship

Question 9

Compete with pathogens for nutrients and space

Answer 9

Protection

Question 10

Assist in the development and regulation of immunity.

Answer 10

Immune System Development

Question 11

Synthesize vitamins, metabolize nutrients, and influence host gene expression

Answer 11

Metabolism

Question 12

are microorganisms that can cause disease

Answer 12

Pathogens

Question 13

Pathogenic Mechanisms

Answer 13

Toxins
Invasion
Immune Evasion
Inflammation

Question 14

Normally harmless but cause disease under specific conditions

Answer 14

Opportunistic Pathogens

Question 15

Factors Affecting Microflora and Pathogenicity

Answer 15

Antibiotics
Hygiene Hypothesis

Question 16

Disrupt gut microbiota for years,
potentially leading to immune or metabolic issues

Answer 16

Antibiotics

Question 17

Excessive cleanliness may reduce microbial diversity, contributing to allergies and autoimmune disorders

Answer 17

Hygiene Hypothesis

Question 18

Conditions that create opportunities for such organisms include

Answer 18

1. Failure of the Host’s Normal Defenses.
2. Introduction of the Organisms into Unusual Body Sites.
3. Disturbances in the Normal Microflora

Question 19

parasitic worms that infect humans and animals

Answer 19

Helminths

Question 20

Helminths belong to the kingdom __________ and are multicellular __________ organisms

Answer 20

1. Animalia
2. eukaryotic

Question 21

Types of Helminths

Answer 21

Flatworms
Roundworms
Flukes
Tapeworms
Thorny-headed worms

Question 22

▪ Flattened, soft-bodied worms.
▪ Lack a circulatory and respiratory system; rely on diffusion

Answer 22

Flatworms

Question 23

Can cause infection in the intestines
or the body

Answer 23

Roundworms

Question 24

Generally infects the bile ducts, liver, or blood

Answer 24

Flukes

Question 25

Infects the intestines

Answer 25

Tapeworms

Question 26

Mainly infects animals, rarely can infect humans

Answer 26

Thorny-headed worms

Question 27

single-celled eukaryotic organisms classified under the kingdom Protista

Answer 27

Protozoans

Question 28

Protozoans Based on Mode of Locomotion

Answer 28

Amoeboids Flagellates Ciliates Sporozoans

Question 29

Protozoans Based on Habitat

Answer 29

Free-living Protozoans Parasitic Protozoans

Question 30

Use pseudopodia (false feet) for movement and feeding

Answer 30

Amoeboids

Question 31

Move using whip-like flagella

Answer 31

Flagellates

Question 32

Use hair-like structures called cilia for movement and feeding

Answer 32

Ciliates

Question 33

Non-motile in their mature form and reproduce via spores

Answer 33

Sporozoans

Question 34

Found in water, soil, or decaying matter

Answer 34

Free-living Protozoans

Question 35

Live inside hosts, often causing diseases

Answer 35

Parasitic Protozoans

Question 36

typical size of protozoans

Answer 36

10–50 micrometers, though some can be larger

Question 37

Protozoan reproduction, Binary fission, budding, or schizogony (multiple fission)

Answer 37

Asexual

Question 38

Protozoan reproduction, Conjugation or gamete fusion in some species

Answer 38

Sexual