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MCB > Pathogenesis > Flashcards

Pathogenesis Flashcards

To learn about the various ways microbes interact with humans

1
Q

What are the ways humans interact with microbes

A

Colonization
Infection
Elimination

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2
Q

What is Colonization?

A

This is a means of interaction whereby the host tolerates the microbe

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3
Q

How about Elimination?

A

This involves the removal of the microbe from the body via the immune system

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4
Q

Infection?

A

This is a situation where there is an injury at the cellular level as a result of the presence of microbes

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5
Q

When does Colonization start?

A

at birth

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6
Q

5 examples of body surfaces that are colonized

A

conjunctiva, skin, large intestine, vagina, external ear

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7
Q

What about places that do not come in contact with the environment?

A

brain, muscle, blood and bone

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8
Q

What is Normal Body Flora

A

These are a group of microorganism that exist naturally within cerain anatomical site in a healthy person.

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9
Q

They can be classified based

A

Time at location

Relationship with host

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10
Q

What are the ones based on time at location

A

Transient

Permanent

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11
Q

What about relationship to host

A

Commensalism
Mutualism
Opportunistic

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12
Q

human factors affecting microbes at any anatomic site

A 
genetics
sex 
age
nutrition and diet 
pH
temperature
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13
Q

Microbial factors affecting microbes at any sites

A

Biofilm
Specific Adherence
Tissue tropism

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14
Q

Tissue tropism

A

this is the ability of an organism to infect a specific tissue, organ or set of organs.

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15
Q

Specific Adherence

A

Specific adherence involvescomplementary chemical interactions between the host cell or tissue surface and the bacterial surface

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16
Q

Biofilm

A

Biofilm formation is aprocess whereby microorganisms irreversibly attach to and grow on a surface and produce extracellular polymersthat facilitate attachment and matrix formation, resulting in an alteration in the phenotype of the organisms with respect to growth rate and gene transcription

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17
Q

What microbes can be found on Skin

A

staphylococcus, cornyebacteria

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18
Q

Microorganism on Conjunctiva

A

gram positive cocci

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19
Q

Micro organism in Vagina

A

Lactobacillus

20
Q

Oral cavity microbes

A

Lactobacillus and streptococcus

21
Q

Microbes in GIT

A

H.pylori, bifidobacteria enterococci

22
Q

benefits of normal flora

A

synthesis of vitamins
stimulation of certain tissues
stimulation of the production of antibodies
preventing attachment of other microbes

killing of other bacteria via bacteriocin

23
Q

Bacteriocin

A

Bacteriocins area kind of ribosomal synthesized antimicrobial peptides produced by bacteria, which can kill or inhibit bacterial strains closely-related or non-related to produced bacteria, but will not harm the bacteria themselves by specific immunity proteins.

24
Q

Harmful effects of Normal flora

A 
Low grade toxemia
Bacterial Synergism
Opportunistic Infections
Transfer to Susceptible host
Competition for nutrients
25
Q

clinical significance of normal flora

A

difficulty in interpretation of culture results
applicable specimens
knowledge of patients clinical condition

26
Q

pathogenesis

A

changes that occur in the body from the point an infective agent interacts with the body to the manifestation of the disease

27
Q

pathogenicity

A

the ability of a microbe to cause diseases

28
Q

pathogen

A

these are the agent that cause disease

29
Q

virulence

A

degree of pathogenicity

30
Q

invasiveness

A

the ability of a microbe to penetrate deep into tissues

31
Q

toxigenesis

A

ability of a microbe to produce toxins

32
Q

attributes of a pathogenic microbe

A 
transmitability
invasiveness
toxigenesis
adhesiveness
host immune system evasion
production tissue degrading enzymes
33
Q

transmitablity

A

ability to move from the infected host to a new susceptible host or reservoir

34
Q

mode of transmission

A 
airborne 
contact
vector
droplets
common vehicle transmission
35
Q

difference between airborne and droplets

A

droplets have particles above 5 microns and airborne particles are below 5 microns

36
Q

maintainace of transmitabilty

A 
animal reservoirs
transmission vehicles
asymptomatic carriers
clinical symptoms 
portal way of entry
37
Q

adherence

A

ability of a microbe to attach to cell surface

38
Q

types of adherence

A

Specific Adherence

NonSpecific Adherence

39
Q

NonSpecific Adherence

A

reversible attachment to a eukaryotic cell surface (docking)

40
Q

Specific Adherence

A

irreversible attachment to a eukaryotic surface. (anchoring)

41
Q

streptococcus pyogenes attach where

A

pharnyngeal epithelium causes sore throat

adhesin is protein F receptor amino terminus of fibronectin

42
Q

streptococcus mutans

A

adhesin glycosyl transferase
receptor salivary glycoproteins
attachment site pellicle of tooth
disease dental cavities

43
Q

invasiveness types

A

active: induced by pathogen
passive: induced by host cell e.g Listeria monocytogenes.

44
Q

types of bacterial toxins

A 
exotoxins: are released from bacterial cells and may act at tissue sites or remote from bacterial cells
Endotoxins aka(LPS) are cell associated and are released from growing bacterial cells
45
Q

Host Immune Evasion mechannism

A

antigen heterogeneity
antigenic variation
capsule formation
IgA proteases formation

MCB (4 decks)

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