Patho16(hemodynamics file16)

Question 1

What is the function of circulation of blood?

Answer 1

Delivers oxygen and nutrients and removes wastes generated by cellular metabolism.

Question 2

What happens under normal conditions in terms of water and electrolyte movement?

Answer 2

Proteins in the plasma are retained within the vasculature and there is little net movement of water and electrolytes into the tissues.

Question 3

What causes edema in general not the causes ( the mech)?

Answer 3

Endothelial function, increase vascular hydrostatic pressure, or decrease plasma protein content.

Question 4

What can compromise the structural integrity of blood vessels? ( the most common stimulus )

Answer 4

Trauma

Question 5

What is hemostasis?

Answer 5

The process of blood clotting that prevents excessive bleeding after blood-vessel damage.

Question 6

What can inadequate hemostasis result in?

Answer 6

Hemorrhage, which can compromise regional tissue perfusion, leading to hypotension, shock, and death.

Question 7

What can exsessive / inappropriate hemostasis cause?

Answer 7

Thrombosis / migration ( embolism) …Obstruction of blood vessels, potentially causing ischemic cell death (infarction).

Question 8

What is thromboembolism and what cause depend on location?

Answer 8

a serious medical condition where a blood clot (thrombus) forms in a blood vessel and then travels (embolizes) to another location, blocking blood flow and causing harm to the affected tissue.//myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism (PE), and cerebrovascular accident (stroke)

Question 9

What hyperemia and congestion mean?

Answer 9

Increase in blood volume within a tissue.

Question 10

How is hyperemia characterized?

Answer 10

Arteriolar dilation and increased blood inflow, resulting in a red color.

Question 11

how Congestion is characterized ?

Answer 11

passive process resulting from impaired outflow of venous blood from a tissue, characterized by a blue-red color (cyanosis).

Question 12

What can chronic congestion lead to?

Answer 12

Hypoxia, parenchymal cell death, secondary tissue fibrosis, edema, or focal hemorrhages.

Question 13

What do hyperemic or congested tissues feel like on cut surfaces?

Answer 13

Wet and typically ooze blood.

Question 14

What are the findings in acute pulmonary congestion?

Answer 14

Blood-engorged alveolar capillaries, alveolar septal edema, and intraalveolar hemorrhage.

Question 15

What are the findings in chronic pulmonary congestion?

Answer 15

Thickened and fibrotic septa, alveolar spaces with macrophages laden with hemosiderin-RBcs- (‘heart failure cells’).

Question 16

What are the findings in acute hepatic congestion?

Answer 16

Distended central vein and sinusoids, possible necrosis of centrally located hepatocytes./ periportal hepatocytes experience less severe hypoxia and may develop only reversible fatty change

Question 17

What are the findings in chronic passive congestion of the liver?

Answer 17

Red-brown and slightly depressed central regions of the hepatic lobules, centrilobular hepatocyte necrosis, hemorrhage, and hemosiderin-laden macrophages.

Question 18

What is edema?

Answer 18

Accumulation of fluid within tissues.

Question 19

تقسيمة المي بالجسم ؟

Answer 19

60 of body weight is water,2/3 intracellular ,1/3 extra: inerstitial , plasma ( 5of body water )

Question 20

What are effusions? And name in different location

Answer 20

Accumulation of fluid in body cavities.
pleural cavity (hydrothorax)
pericardial cavity (hydropericardium)
peritoneal cavity (hydroperitoneum, or ascites).

Question 21

What is anasarca?

Answer 21

Severe, generalized edema marked by profound swelling of subcutaneous tissues and accumulation of fluid in body cavities.

Question 22

What balances the outflow and inflow of fluid between vascular and interstitial spaces?

Answer 22

The outflow by hydrostatic pressure is balanced by inflow by colloid osmotic pressure, resulting in a small net outflow of fluid into the interstitial space ( drained by lymphatic vaessels)

Question 23

What causes increased movement of water into the interstitium?

Answer 23

Increased hydrostatic pressure or diminished colloid osmotic pressure.

Question 24

what is the causes of Edema /with examples of the diseases that follow this mech to cause edema

Answer 24

صورة الجدول

Question 25

how increase of hydrostatic pressure cause edema (mech)

Answer 25

صورة

Question 26

what we as a doctor can advise the patient(as the first line of treatment) to treat the heart failure, hypertension or any diseases that cause increase of hydrostatic pressure by secondary hyperaldosteronism

Answer 26

salt restriction, diuretics, and aldosterone antagonists to reduce Na

Question 27

What is the primary cause of albumin loss from the blood ( lowering the colloid pressure)?

Answer 27

Nephrotic syndrome.

Question 28

In which condition does reduced albumin synthesis occur?

Answer 28

Severe liver disease, such as cirrhosis.

Question 29

What is the most common cause of lymph obestruction( lemphodema) that cause edema?

Answer 29

Primary infection to side fibroses / secondary due to cancers or.. side or عمليه

Question 30

What parasitic infection can cause massive edema of the lower extremity and external genitalia?

Answer 30

Filariasis.// elephantiasis by producing inguinal lymphatic and lymph node fibrosis.

Question 31

What is the characteristic appearance of the skin in breast cancer-related lymphedema?

Answer 31

Finely pitted appearance known as peau d'orange (orange peel). طبعا في مكان السرطان عند مكان الضغط

Question 32

Which system drains the interstitial space?

Answer 32

Lymphatic vessels

Question 33

How sodium and water retention cause edema?

Answer 33

By increasing the hydrostatic pressure

Question 34

In which diseases is excessive salt and water retention seen?

Answer 34

Comromise renal function ;(Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis and acute renal failure) mainly in children + الجدول

Question 35

How is edema recognized on gross inspection?

Answer 35

Easily recognized

Question 36

What happens to the extracellular matrix (ECM) elements in edema?

Answer 36

Clearing and separation

Question 37

Where does subcutaneous ( dependent) edema usually accumulate?

Answer 37

Parts of the body positioned the greatest distance below the heart (where hydrostatic pressure are highest)

Question 38

What are the clinical features of edema?

Answer 38

Subcutaneous edema, pulmonary edema (left ventricular failure, renal failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and inflammatory and infectious disorders of the lung.) , brain edema

Question 39

What can happen if brain edema is severe?

Answer 39

The brain can herniate through the foramen magnum

Question 40

Which vital functions can be affected by brain stem compression?

Answer 40

Respiration( injury to medullary centers )and other vital functions >>>death