Patho16(hemodynamics file16) Flashcards
What is the function of circulation of blood?
Delivers oxygen and nutrients and removes wastes generated by cellular metabolism.
What happens under normal conditions in terms of water and electrolyte movement?
Proteins in the plasma are retained within the vasculature and there is little net movement of water and electrolytes into the tissues.
What causes edema in general not the causes ( the mech)?
Endothelial function, increase vascular hydrostatic pressure, or decrease plasma protein content.
What can compromise the structural integrity of blood vessels? ( the most common stimulus )
Trauma
What is hemostasis?
The process of blood clotting that prevents excessive bleeding after blood-vessel damage.
What can inadequate hemostasis result in?
Hemorrhage, which can compromise regional tissue perfusion, leading to hypotension, shock, and death.
What can exsessive / inappropriate hemostasis cause?
Thrombosis / migration ( embolism) …Obstruction of blood vessels, potentially causing ischemic cell death (infarction).
What is thromboembolism and what cause depend on location?
a serious medical condition where a blood clot (thrombus) forms in a blood vessel and then travels (embolizes) to another location, blocking blood flow and causing harm to the affected tissue.//myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism (PE), and cerebrovascular accident (stroke)
What hyperemia and congestion mean?
Increase in blood volume within a tissue.
How is hyperemia characterized?
Arteriolar dilation and increased blood inflow, resulting in a red color.
how Congestion is characterized ?
passive process resulting from impaired outflow of venous blood from a tissue, characterized by a blue-red color (cyanosis).
What can chronic congestion lead to?
Hypoxia, parenchymal cell death, secondary tissue fibrosis, edema, or focal hemorrhages.
What do hyperemic or congested tissues feel like on cut surfaces?
Wet and typically ooze blood.
What are the findings in acute pulmonary congestion?
Blood-engorged alveolar capillaries, alveolar septal edema, and intraalveolar hemorrhage.
What are the findings in chronic pulmonary congestion?
Thickened and fibrotic septa, alveolar spaces with macrophages laden with hemosiderin-RBcs- (‘heart failure cells’).
What are the findings in acute hepatic congestion?
Distended central vein and sinusoids, possible necrosis of centrally located hepatocytes./ periportal hepatocytes experience less severe hypoxia and may develop only reversible fatty change
What are the findings in chronic passive congestion of the liver?
Red-brown and slightly depressed central regions of the hepatic lobules, centrilobular hepatocyte necrosis, hemorrhage, and hemosiderin-laden macrophages.
What is edema?
Accumulation of fluid within tissues.
تقسيمة المي بالجسم ؟
60 of body weight is water,2/3 intracellular ,1/3 extra: inerstitial , plasma ( 5of body water )
What are effusions? And name in different location
Accumulation of fluid in body cavities.
pleural cavity (hydrothorax)
pericardial cavity (hydropericardium)
peritoneal cavity (hydroperitoneum, or ascites).
What is anasarca?
Severe, generalized edema marked by profound swelling of subcutaneous tissues and accumulation of fluid in body cavities.
What balances the outflow and inflow of fluid between vascular and interstitial spaces?
The outflow by hydrostatic pressure is balanced by inflow by colloid osmotic pressure, resulting in a small net outflow of fluid into the interstitial space ( drained by lymphatic vaessels)
What causes increased movement of water into the interstitium?
Increased hydrostatic pressure or diminished colloid osmotic pressure.
what is the causes of Edema /with examples of the diseases that follow this mech to cause edema
صورة الجدول
how increase of hydrostatic pressure cause edema (mech)
صورة
what we as a doctor can advise the patient(as the first line of treatment) to treat the heart failure, hypertension or any diseases that cause increase of hydrostatic pressure by secondary hyperaldosteronism
salt restriction, diuretics, and aldosterone antagonists to reduce Na
What is the primary cause of albumin loss from the blood ( lowering the colloid pressure)?
Nephrotic syndrome.
In which condition does reduced albumin synthesis occur?
Severe liver disease, such as cirrhosis.
What is the most common cause of lymph obestruction( lemphodema) that cause edema?
Primary infection to side fibroses / secondary due to cancers or.. side or عمليه
What parasitic infection can cause massive edema of the lower extremity and external genitalia?
Filariasis.// elephantiasis
by producing inguinal lymphatic and lymph node fibrosis.
What is the characteristic appearance of the skin in breast cancer-related lymphedema?
Finely pitted appearance known as peau d’orange (orange peel).
طبعا في مكان السرطان عند مكان الضغط
Which system drains the interstitial space?
Lymphatic vessels
How sodium and water retention cause edema?
By increasing the hydrostatic pressure
In which diseases is excessive salt and water retention seen?
Comromise renal function ;(Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis and acute renal failure) mainly in children + الجدول
How is edema recognized on gross inspection?
Easily recognized
What happens to the extracellular matrix (ECM) elements in edema?
Clearing and separation
Where does subcutaneous ( dependent) edema usually accumulate?
Parts of the body positioned the greatest distance below the heart (where hydrostatic pressure are highest)
What are the clinical features of edema?
Subcutaneous edema, pulmonary edema (left ventricular failure, renal failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and inflammatory and infectious disorders of the lung.) , brain edema
What can happen if brain edema is severe?
The brain can herniate through the foramen magnum
Which vital functions can be affected by brain stem compression?
Respiration( injury to medullary centers )and other vital functions»_space;>death
