Patho1 Flashcards
What is osmosis
spontaneous movement of water from low to high solute concentration
What is active transport across cell membranes?
molecules moving from low to high concentrations - this ‘uphill’ movement requires energy in form of ATP.
Name the different compartments fluid is stored in the body
intracellular (40%),
extracellular
divided into intravascular (plasma second space)
extravascular - interstitial (third space)
Person with oedema has abnormal fluid distribution and can be said to be…………………………..?
third spacing
what do mitochondria do inside cells
these are organelles inside cells, they provide energy, and generate ATP through aerobic respiration.
Movement of fluid through the body is governed by which law
Starlings law of the capillary
Define diffusion
Diffusion is a spontaneous movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Describe make up of blood?
red cells (45%), white cells < 1%, plasma 55% (proteins albumin, antibodies, clotting factors, hormones, electrolytes, nutrients.
what is haemoglobin
Haemoglobin is an iron containing protein in the blood which carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body (i.e. the tissues). There it releases the oxygen to permit aerobic respiration to provide energy to power the functions of the organism in the process called metabolism
What is the nervous system divided into?
central - brain , spinal cord
peripheral - sympathetic and parasympathetic
Majority of carbon dioxide molecules are transported for elimination via the ……….?
bicarbonate buffer system
what is the half life of a drug?
time it takes to extract 50% of drug from body,
6 half lives 98% extracted , 10 H/L completely extracted.
half life = Duration of action of drug
describe tidal volume of the lungs
volume of air that enters lung during single inspiration
what is pulmonary oedema
imbalance of normal forces in alveloar capillary,causes fluid to accumulate in pulmonary space - causes can be infections chemicals, inflammation, heart failure or valvular disease.
main risk factors for pulmonary embolism
hist of dvt or pe, surgery, pregnancy, immobilisation, underlying malignancy
where do most clots come from?
deep veins of pelvis and lower extremeties, popliteal, femoral or iliac veins, most are clinically silent not detectable on phys exam.
clinical signs and symptoms of PE
heamoptysis, dyspnea and chest pain typical but present 20% of time , also tacyhpnea, cough , fatigue, tachycardic.
complications of PE
death of lung tissue, heart failure due to back pressure. right heart failure.
Name the 4 main gas laws
Boyles (oil piston / breathing )
Charles ( temp )
Henrys (gas exchange in alveoli)
Daltons (all gases added together)
Which law? The absolute pressure exerted by a given mass of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to the volume it occupies if the temperature and amount of gas remain unchanged within a closed system.
Boyle’s Law - decrease pressure volume increases.Boyle’s law is often used as part of an explanation on how the breathing system works in the human body
Which Law
PV=K
P1V1=P2V2
Boyles Law
Which law - states that in a mixture of non-reacting gases, the total pressure exerted is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases.
Daltons law
