Patho1

Question 1

What is osmosis

Answer 1

spontaneous movement of water from low to high solute concentration

Question 2

What is active transport across cell membranes?

Answer 2

molecules moving from low to high concentrations - this ‘uphill’ movement requires energy in form of ATP.

Question 3

Name the different compartments fluid is stored in the body

Answer 3

intracellular (40%),

extracellular
divided into intravascular (plasma second space)
extravascular - interstitial (third space)

Question 4

Person with oedema has abnormal fluid distribution and can be said to be…………………………..?

Answer 4

third spacing

Question 5

what do mitochondria do inside cells

Answer 5

these are organelles inside cells, they provide energy, and generate ATP through aerobic respiration.

Question 6

Movement of fluid through the body is governed by which law

Answer 6

Starlings law of the capillary

Question 7

Define diffusion

Answer 7

Diffusion is a spontaneous movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Question 8

Describe make up of blood?

Answer 8

red cells (45%), white cells < 1%, plasma 55% (proteins albumin, antibodies, clotting factors, hormones, electrolytes, nutrients.

Question 9

what is haemoglobin

Answer 9

Haemoglobin is an iron containing protein in the blood which carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body (i.e. the tissues). There it releases the oxygen to permit aerobic respiration to provide energy to power the functions of the organism in the process called metabolism

Question 10

What is the nervous system divided into?

Answer 10

central - brain , spinal cord

peripheral - sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 11

Majority of carbon dioxide molecules are transported for elimination via the ……….?

Answer 11

bicarbonate buffer system

Question 12

what is the half life of a drug?

Answer 12

time it takes to extract 50% of drug from body,

6 half lives 98% extracted , 10 H/L completely extracted.

half life = Duration of action of drug

Question 13

describe tidal volume of the lungs

Answer 13

volume of air that enters lung during single inspiration

Question 14

what is pulmonary oedema

Answer 14

imbalance of normal forces in alveloar capillary,causes fluid to accumulate in pulmonary space - causes can be infections chemicals, inflammation, heart failure or valvular disease.

Question 15

main risk factors for pulmonary embolism

Answer 15

hist of dvt or pe, surgery, pregnancy, immobilisation, underlying malignancy

Question 16

where do most clots come from?

Answer 16

deep veins of pelvis and lower extremeties, popliteal, femoral or iliac veins, most are clinically silent not detectable on phys exam.

Question 17

clinical signs and symptoms of PE

Answer 17

heamoptysis, dyspnea and chest pain typical but present 20% of time , also tacyhpnea, cough , fatigue, tachycardic.

Question 18

complications of PE

Answer 18

death of lung tissue, heart failure due to back pressure. right heart failure.

Question 19

Name the 4 main gas laws

Answer 19

Boyles (oil piston / breathing )
Charles ( temp )
Henrys (gas exchange in alveoli)
Daltons (all gases added together)

Question 20

Which law? The absolute pressure exerted by a given mass of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to the volume it occupies if the temperature and amount of gas remain unchanged within a closed system.

Answer 20

Boyle’s Law - decrease pressure volume increases.Boyle’s law is often used as part of an explanation on how the breathing system works in the human body

Question 21

Which Law
PV=K
P1V1=P2V2

Answer 21

Boyles Law

Question 22

Which law - states that in a mixture of non-reacting gases, the total pressure exerted is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases.

Answer 22

Daltons law