Patho- Understanding the Immune System Flashcards

Question

two types of leukocytes

Answer 1

Granulocytes | nongranular

Answer 2

Redness (erythema)- vasodilation; increased blood flow to the injured area Heat- vasodilation; increased blood flow to the injured area Incapacitation-loss of function is related to tissue damage from injury, pain and swelling at the site Pain- Increased vascular permeability and accumulation of fluid causes compression in the tissues, inflammatory mediators can also directly elicit a pain response Exudate and edema- extracellular fluid accumulation often in tissues because of increased vascular permeability Local-means site of injury Redness and heat from increased blood flow Pain-increased permeability Exudate-extrcellular fluid

Answer 3

Enlargement and inflammation of the nearby lymph nodes Can occur as a function of filtering or draining harmful substances at the injury site Filter-lymphnodes-spread throughout our body Lymphnode swelling can be sign of cancer or infection draining

Answer 4

Pyrexia (fever): elevation of core body temperature: result of inflammatory mediators acting directly on the hypothalamus Stimulates phagocytosis Inhibit the growth of certain microorganisms Leukocytosis: elevation in white bold cells (leukocytes), with a count usually above 10,000/mm Demonstrates the increased circulation of WBCs to aid in healing Plasma proteins are also increased Things spread through lymph or blood Pyrexia-fever Fever is a bodies defense- you don’t want it to go untreated Normal white blood count between 5,000-to 10,000

Answer 5

Goal of treatment: minimize the damage to healthy, unaffected tissue and promote rapid healing Drug therapy: most commonly block the action of inflammatory mediators: thereby reducing the swelling, pain, redness and warmth typical of inflammation Initial treatment: Reduce blood flow to the local area Decrease swelling Block the action of various inflammatory mediators Decrease pain Want to help person before injury causes too much damage Prevent damage to tissue Reduce blood flow to local area because you don’t want it to stay there Local injury-put ice! Heat will stimulate inflammatory process-BAD

Answer 6

Self-limited Once offending agent has been destroyed and removed, feedback systems regulated by the tree plasma protein systems (clotting, complement and kinin) along with the relevant inflammatory mediators, deactivate the inflammatory response Allow the tissue to heal -Small lived-

Answer 7

Persistent or recurrent state of inflammation Lasts several weeks or longer Occurs when the acute inflammatory and immune responses are unsuccessful Can be related to a injury that will not heal; persistent infectious process or an autoimmune condition Autoimmunity occurs when the immune system identifies self-cells as “foreign” and attacks these cells Injuries or infections are usually subtle and slow growing Enzymes Slower onset- sometimes process of inflammation isn't effective Sometimes Strength of an organism is so strong that person may not be able to fight infection Diabetics- get injured and don’t heal properly-have to do amputations Enzymes-scaring

Answer 8

CHIEF CELL-neutrophils | Acute-less scaring

Answer 9

Similar to acute inflammation during a “flare-up” of symptoms (redness, heat, pain, swelling, loss of function) Symptoms may lead to scarring in the affected area or granuloma formation Other systemic symptoms: fever, malaise, anemia, fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, or weakness Remission can occur ins some conditions: patient has no sysmtoms Less obvious-last longer-compromised Remission can occur in some conditions: some patients have no synmtoms

Answer 10

Aimed at removing the source of injury Managing the symptoms Long term use of anti-inflammatory, analgesic or immune modifying drugs Chronic infections as a source of chronic inflammation: antimicrobial drugs

Answer 11

Process by which the body recognizes foreign substances and neutralizes them to prevent damage Types: Adaptive immunity Cell mediated immunity Immunology: study of the structure and function of the immune system IMPORTANT Process at which the body recognizes a foreign substance Humoral immunity- involves production of antibodies in response to an antigen-B lyphocytes Adaptive-very specific, immune cells target foreign invader, has memory Cell mediated immunity-involves production of cytotoxic magrohphages, these macrophages activate natural killer cell, whole cell mediated immunity is mediated by T lyphocyte

Answer 12

``` Peripheral Immune Structures Lymph nodes Contain lymphocytes Filter lymphatic fluid Spleen Largest immune organ Produces lymphocytes macrophages Lymph nodes-filter and drain, Breast cancer-will dissect lymph node to seek cancer cells Contain lymphocytes Spleen-large immune organ, filters antigens for blood, and reservoir for blood , produces lymphocyted and macrophages ``` ``` Central Immune Structures: Bone Marrow Production of lymphocytes Maturation of B lymphocytes Thymus Differentiation and maturation of lymphocytes ``` Bone marrow- cells start as stem cells, produces lymphocytes, B lymphocytes go to bone marrow to mature Thymus- as you age it doesn’t work anymore (ineffective) T-cells mature in thymus Tonsils Consist of lymphoid tissue Produce lymphocytes Tonsils-location helps guard against airborne invaders and ingested invaders

Answer 13

``` T lymphocytes Matured in thymus Essential in adaptive cell-mediated immunity Destruction of cellular antigens Promote Antibody production of B lymphocytes Account for 60% of blood lymphocytes ``` Respond directly to antigen

Answer 14

Macrophages: essential in mediating innate immunity Neutrophil: bind invading microbes to cell surface receptors Dendritic cells: process and present antigen to T and B lymphocytes stimulating adaptive immune response Phagocytosis to prevent colonization, entry, and spread of microbes Macrophages- immediate, helps immune process go on Dendritic cell: * works with T and B lymphocytes-important with adaptive immunity

Answer 15

White blood cells (WBCs); also known as leukocytes Basic functional units of the immune system Lymphocytes: account for 25-35% of leukocytes circulating in the blood; 99% are located in the lymph fluid Three major categories of WBCs are derived from the lymphoid progenitor cells: 1. T lymphocytes 2. B lymphocytes 3. Natural killer cells

Answer 16

``` Mature in the thymus Require contact with an antigen Proliferate and differentiate into the following classification of cells: Cytotoxic T lymphocytes Helper T lymphocytes Suppressor T lymphocytes ``` Cytotoxic T lymphocytes-attack cells effected with viruses Helper T-activates other cells to help immune process Suppressor T- has a job to inhibit both types of immune responses

Answer 17

Develop in the bone marrow Migrate to peripheral lymphoid tissues Activated after contact with an antigen Recognize specific antigens Antibodies are released from the membranes of plasma cells Secreted antibody is known as immunoglobulin (Ig) Designed to detect and bind to specific antigens Each play a different role in the immune response Secrete antibodies know as antibodies

Answer 18

Large, granular Not antigen specific Circulate until they come in contact with cells they can recognize a threat, such as infected cells or tumor cells Attach and kill these cells

Answer 19

``` Produce granulocytes and monocytes Granulocytes: phagocytic cells Monocytes also phagocytic cells able to engulf larger quantities of debris than granulocytes macrophages Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Dendritic cells ```

Answer 20

Innate immunity First responder to an insult Rapid Initiated by many different pathogens without requiring prior exposure Primary cells: macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells Goal: prevent microbe colonization, entry and spread Rapid response

Answer 21

Adaptive immunity Primary cells: B and T lymphocytes and dendritic cells Stimulated by phagocytosis and activation of antigen-presenting cells Specificity Diversity Memory Self and nonself recognition Slower response than innate immunity When organism is reintroduced, immune memory leads to more rapid and intense response

Answer 22

Immunity can be acquired in different ways: Active Development of antibodies in response to an antigen Actually having a disease or vaccine Passive Immunity transfer Mother to infant Active-had chicken pox-so you have active immunity Passive- occurs naturally but is temporary-mother transfers to baby-gamoglobolin

Answer 23

Humoral immunity Immunity involving antibodies Antibodies are immunoglobulins that react with an antigen in a specific way Each B lymphocyte carries a single, specific receptor that recognizes a unique antigen pattern B cells proliferate into effector cells (plasma cells that secrete antibodies) Apoptosis (programmed cell death) Remaining cells: memory cells

Answer 24

``` Five major classes: Immunoglobulin G (IgG) Immunoglobulin M (IgM) Immunoglobulin A (IgA) Immunoglobulin D (IgD) Immunoglobulin E (IgE) ``` 1. Makes up most 80-85%, apears in all body fluids, ****major antibacterial, and antiviral antibody**** 2. First antibody produced during immune response, present only in vascular system, 3. Found mainly in body secretions, saliva, sweat, tears, mucous, defends against things body fluids can get to 4. Found in plasma, perdominant antibody on surface of b cells, acts mainly as an antigen receptor 5. Involved in immediate hypersensitivity reactions, allergic reaction, stimulates release of mass cell

Answer 25

Protect cells: Neutralization Promotion of phagocytosis and destruction of the pathogen- opsonization Activation of the compliment system Antibodies-protects cell, binds to antibody, neutralizes

Answer 26

Part of humoral immunity: major mediator of the inflammatory response Activated components can destroy pathogens directly Consists of proteins circulating as functionally inactive molecules The system causes inflammation by increasing: Vascular permeability Chemotaxis Phagocytosis Lysis of the foreign cell An antigen-antibody reaction is necessary for the complement system to activate: process called the complement cascade

Answer 27

Cell mediated immunity: Cytotoxic T lymphocytes primary cells Results in the recognition and the destruction of cells caring nonself antigens Detect pathogens inside the cells that cannot be recognized by antibodies Specificity recognition of foreign antigens involves cell surgace markers

Answer 28

Display membrane surface molecules known as CD, contributing to cell specificity CD molecules determine specific functions and responses of T cell subtypes CD8 is expressed on the surface of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8 T lymphocytes) Helper T lymphocytes express CD4 on their surfaces (CD4 lymphocytes -broken down into t helpers- and t supressors Molecule on memebrane called CD CD4 cells and CD8—will talk more later

Answer 29

Definition: an infection is a host organism’s response to a pathogen, or disease-causing substance State of cellular, tissue, and sometimes even organ destruction from invasion of microorganisms Microorganisms enter and multiply Minor illnesses Life-threatening conditions Close to inflammatory process Host has become compromised- causes cellular damage and cellular disruption, minor illnesses, viruses, or life-threatening-sepsis…

Answer 30

``` Four types of microorganisms: Viruses Bacteria Fungi parasites ``` Cause same symptoms- know treatment options. Treatment for one doesn’t work with other

Answer 31

``` Immune mechanisms play a role in guarding against microorganism invasion and maintain homeostasis Eyes Lymph nodes Skin Respiratory tract Blood Bone marrow Liver Spleen Digestive system Urogenital track ```

Answer 32

``` Factors that create a climate for infection: Poor nutrition Stress Humidity Poor sanitation Crowded living conditions Pollution Dust Medications hospitalization ```

Answer 33

``` Enter Attach Spread Opportunistic infections Opportunistic-person is compromised and, infection takes advantage ```

Answer 34

Direct contact Inhalation Ingestion Insect or animal bite

Answer 35

Local: pain, heat, redness, swelling, lymph node enlargement and tenderness, site dependent loss of function Presence of exudate: purulent (containing pus) Systemic: fever, malaise, weakness, anorexia, headaches, nausea Microrganism is present in body Pus in present-contains dead white blood cell

Answer 36

Antimicrobial drugs Antibacterial drugs Antifungal drugs Symptomatic treatment

Answer 37

Overuse or incomplete use of antimicrobial drugs has led to multiple drug-resistant microbes Globalization has promoted the rapid spread of harmful microbes around the world Importation and mass distribution of perishable food items has also contributed to infectious disease spread

Answer 38

``` Exposure Incubation Prodromal Acute clinical illness convalescence ```

Answer 39

Septicemia Bacteremia Septic shock