Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Patho Test 2 > Patho Test 2 > Flashcards

Patho Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Upper respiratory system contains

A

Respiratory endothelium
Pharynx
Larynx
Epiglottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Lower respiratory system contains

A 
Cilia
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchiole
Alveoli 
Pulmonary capillaries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Parts of the lung

R/L/ middle…

A

Right- 3 lobes
Left- 2 lobes
Mediastinum - middle where heart goes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Pleura

A

Double layer casing that goes around the lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Double blood supply contains

A

Deoxygenated blood

Oxygenated blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Deoxygenated blood travels…

A

From the RIGHT VENTRICLE through PULMONARY ARTERY then to the PULMONARY CAPILLARIES and AVEOLI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Oxygenated blood travels

A

Through BRONCHIAL ARTERIES then to the LEFT VENTRICLE and then to the BODY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Muscles of respiratory

A

Diaphragm
Intercostal muscles
Abdominal muscles
Accessory muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which system controls respiration

A

Autonomic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Example of voluntary control (respiration)

A

Singing

Blowing out candles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is cyanosis

A

Lack of oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a spirometry

A

Measures volume of air moving in and out of the lungs,

Rate of air flow in and out of lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pulmonary function test is also known as

A

Spirometry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Upper respiratory diseases

A

Common cold

Sinus infection

Influence (UPS)

Snoring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Lower respiratory diseases compared to upper respiratory diseases

A

Are more debilitating, or can be fatal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Lower respiratory diseases

A

Influenza (LRS)

Pneumonia

TB

COPD

pneumothorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Influenza

A

Viral, acute, highly contagious respiratory infection.

At risk- old, young, immune disorder pts
Sx's
- fever
-cough 
-fatigue 
-aches

Can progress to pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Pneumonia

A

Bacterial or viral

Acute inflammation of the lungs

Bacterial- treat with antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Tuberculosis

A

Contagious

Spread by airborne tubercle bacilli

Primary exposure caused production of antibodies (PPD + Mantoux)

Immediately onset or dormant for awhile

Treated with antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

COPD aka…

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

COPD

2 types

A

Chronic bronchitis

Emphysema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

COPD

A

Inflammation from noxious stimuli in the airway

i.e. Smoke or toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A

Type of COPD

bronchitis attacks, lasting for several months over a 2 year period.

Swelling of the mucous and mucus production

No cure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Emphysema

A

Type of COPD

irreversible

Destruction of cilia and mucosa and mucus production closes the airway

Inability to exhale, lung keeps stale air in.

Lung is unable to stretch and take air In.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Effects of emphysema

A

Pink Puffers
- working hard to get enough O2 and progresses to….

Blue Bloaters
- when tissue become cyanosis because not enough O2 for so long.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Bronchial asthma

A

Bronchial tubes become inflamed

Treated with steroids (antistamines, bronchodilators)

Severe cases require epinephrine or tracheotomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

Autosomal recessive

Affects all exocrine glands **

Excessive, viscous mucus secretion causes airway obstruction.

Excessive perspiration can use up electrolytes in the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Diagnosis and treatment for cystic fibrosis

A

Sweat test- to check for elevated levels of salt

Nutritional counseling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Pleurisy

A 
2 types 
(Dry & pleurisy from effusion)

It’s a complication of other diseases / or trauma

Sharp stabbing pain with inspiration / or cough

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Pneumonthorax

A

Collapse lung

Increase pressure in the cavity allowing the lung to collapse

Weakened area in the lung letting air in the space from inside or from puncture from outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Atelectasis

A

Collapse of the lung from rupture of the alveoli forms obstruction, tumor, or pneumothorax

Presents like pneumothorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Pulmonary embolism

A

Blockage in one or more arteries in the pulmonary circulation system

Usually from immobility, major surgery, cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Lung cancer

A

Malignant tumor that develops in lung tissue

Many times it’s secondary

Treatment
- surgery, radiation, then chemo

They need to stop smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Age related changes

A

Lung compliance (capacity) decreases

Weakness in muscles of respiration

Postural dysfunction

Lung cancer incidence increases

Joint limitations in rib cage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Cardiac tissue

A

Pericardium-membrane surrounding the heart

Myocardium- heart muscle forming walls of the chambers , thicker on left = pumps harder

Endocardium- lines myocardium, lining if the chambers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Right VENTRICLE pump to the…

A

Lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Left ventricle pumps to the…

A

Body

Pumps harder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Structure of the heart

A

4 chambers

Septum

Valves

arteries of the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Chambers of the heart

A

Atria (L/R)

Chambers L/R

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Right atria receives blood from…

A

The systemic circulatory through vena cava

R atria is bigger collects more blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Left atria receives …

A

Oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins (4)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Right VENTRICLE pumps blood through….

A

The pulmonary artery to the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Left ventricle pumps blood through

A

The aorta to the body and coronary arteries to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Cardiac valves

A

Atrioventricular valves (AV)

Semilunar valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

atrioventricular valves (AV)

A

Between the atria and ventricles

Bicuspid or mitral on left

Tricuspid valve

46
Q

Semilunar valve

A

Aorta from the left ventricle

Pulmonary from the right

47
Q

Coronary arteries

A

Supply oxygen and nutrition to heart muscle from aorta

Right coronary artery

Left coronary artery

48
Q

Systemic circulatory system

A

Distributes oxygenated blood to the body and brings deoxygenated blood to the heart

49
Q

Pulmonary circulatory system

A

Brings deoxygenated blood to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the heart

50
Q

Circulatory pathway: deoxygenated blood

A

Deoxygenated

  • superior &a inferior vena cava
  • right atrium
  • tricuspid valve
  • right Ventricle
  • Pulmonary semilunar valve
  • pulmonary artery
  • lung
51
Q

Circulation pathway: oxygenated

A 
Pulmonary veins
Left atrium 
Bicuspid valve
Left ventricle 
Aortic semilunar valve
Aorta and coronary arteries
Body
52
Q

Cardiac cycle (BP)

A

Diastole
- relaxation or filling phase of each chamber

Systole
- contracting or emptying phase of each chamber

53
Q

Conduction system

A

1) SA NODE
- initiates beat on contraction
- pacemaker
2) AV node
- at the junction of the right atrium and ventricle
3) bundle of HIS
- conducts impulses on contraction
4) bundle branches (R+L)
5) purkinje fibers
- spreads over Ventricle walls to stimulate strong contraction required to pump blood to systemic and pulmonary systems

54
Q

Lipids and cholesterol

A

LDL
- bad, clods arteries

HDL

  • good
  • helps remove LDL from arteries and brings it to the liver to break it down and pass out of the body

triglycerides
- store excess energy from diet

Blood test determines levels

55
Q

ECG / EKG

A

Electrocardiogram

56
Q

Lab test can diagnosis…

A

Enzymes released with cardiac muscle necrosis

Blood count / CBC

electrolytes

57
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Hardening of the arteries

Degenerative condition

58
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Form of arteriosclerosis

Idiopathic but hereditary component

Plaques develop narrowing lumen or causing thickening of the artery walls and decrease flexibility

Common complication of diabetes

59
Q

Peripheral artery disease

OR…

A

Peripheral vascular disease

PVD

PAD

60
Q

Intermittent Claudication

A

Pain with walking cause by ischemia

61
Q

Gangrene

A

Localize tissue death in ischemic areas

Can result in amputation

62
Q

Raynaud’s disease

A

Poor blood flow to the fingers and toes caused vasoconstriction

Immune response triggered by cold or stress

Can be secondary

63
Q

Aortic aneurysm

A

Weakening/ ballooning in the wall of a vessel

No symptoms unless it ruptures

Can be in brain, cheat, abdominal aorta

64
Q

Hypertension

A

140/90 - stage 1 pre hypertension

160/100- stage 2 secondary hypertension

Risk factors

  • smoking
  • obesity
  • lack of exercise
  • family history
  • salt and lipid intake
65
Q

Mechanisms to alter blood pressure

A

Hemorrhage - BP decreases

Fluid retention - BP increases

High BP -circulation increase to the kidneys

66
Q

Phlebitis

A

Inflammation of a vein usually in the leg

More serious with deep vein involvement

67
Q

Thrombophlebitis

A

Thrombus forms in the deep vein of the leg

Veins become congested with blood

May become an embolism if it breaks free

May require surgery

68
Q

Varicose veins 3 types

A

Legs, hemorrhoid (rectum), esophagus

69
Q

Varicose veins

A

Stagnation of blood in superficial veins of legs

70
Q

Hemorrhoid

A

Varicose veins of the rectum

71
Q

Esophageal varicose

A

Varicose vein of the esophagus

72
Q

Healthy lifestyle choices to help prevent diseases

A

Stop smoking

BP 120/80

Check cholesterol

Diabetes under control

Exercise

Eat health

Manage stress

73
Q

Cardiac risk factors

A

Obesity

Hypertension

Smoking

High LDL/ low HDL

Diabetes

Family history

C-reactive protein

74
Q

Angina pectoris

A

Caused by temporary oxygen insufficiency

(Ischemia- deficiency of blood flow)

Suffocating feeling

75
Q

Myocardial infarction (MI)

A 
Cardiac arrest
Severe chest pain 
Referred pain to neck or left UE
Shorten of breath
Dizziness

Women have silent symptoms

If they pass out get medical attention ASAP & start CPR

76
Q

Myocarditis

A

Inflammation of the heart muscle

Viral or bacterial (Lyme, strep, staph)

77
Q

Cardiomyopathy

A

Heart becomes weaken due to changes in the muscle tissue & function

3 types

78
Q

3 types of cardiomyopathy

A

Dilated
-ventricles dilated / over stretches

Hypertrophic

  • ventricle is enlarged
  • seen in kids

Restrictive
- scar tissue due to heart damage

79
Q

Rheumatic fever

A

Develops 2 weeks after strep or ear infection

Mostly in children / young adults

Autoimmune disease
- signs subside and autoimmune disease develops causing inflammation of valves in the heart

80
Q

Endocarditis

A

Infection and inflammation of the lining of the heart

Bacterial or fungal infection that enters through the blood stream from another infected area

Develops after strep

81
Q

Valve disorders

A

Insufficiency when a valve doesn’t close properly, opening is to large allowing back follow.

Can cause heart murmurs

Severe cases can cause CHF

82
Q

Valve disorder

Risk factors

Diagnosis

A

Age , family hx, he of rheumatic fever

Diagnosed by listening to the heart for murmurs
ECG

83
Q

Stenosis of a valve

A

Narrowing of the valve

Opening is to small

Cusps valve fail to fuse together

Blood backs up

84
Q

Heart block

A

Failure of impulse to conduct from the atria to the ventricles, so they will contract independently of each other

85
Q

Atrial fibrillation (AF)

A

This is the most common heart rhythms disorder

Caused by impulses spreading, atria and ventricle are uncoordinated and atrium flutters

Ventricles don’t fill properly

86
Q

Ventricular fibrillation (VF)

A

Caused the ventricles to flutter, much more serious than AF

Can cause cardiac arrest

CPR and defibrillation should happen immediately

87
Q

Congestive heart failure

A

Progressive reduction of the hearts ability to pump the blood

Inadequate pumping of the heart

Can involve right or left

88
Q

Right heart failure

A

Right atrium and ventricle

Causing back up of blood coming in to the heart from the body

89
Q

Left heart failure

A

Left atrium and ventricle

Caused back up of blood coming u to the heart from the lung

90
Q

Shock

A

The inability of the heart to pump effectively causing decreases venous return

Happens when BP drops to low to sustain life and inadequate blood supply to the cells

Shock is usually fatal if not treated

91
Q

Congenital heart disorders

A

Septal defects

Tetrology of fallot

Transposition of Arteries

Patent ductus arteriosus (PAD)

Coarctation of the aorta

92
Q

Septal defects

A

Foramen ovale fails to close after birth.

93
Q

Atrial septal defects (ASD)

A

Between the atria

Pressure forces blood from the left atrium to the right.

Right side gets overwhelmed due to increase blood volume

94
Q

Ventricle septal defect (VSD)

A

Between the ventricles

Pressure forces blood from left ventricle to the right ventricle

Left tries to supply the body but becomes exhausted

Can cause cyanosis

95
Q

Tetrology of fallot

A

Baby is born Cyanosis

Becomes more cyanosis during activity like eating, crying or BMs

96
Q

Transposition of arteries

A

Arteries are going to the wrong place

Deoxygenated blood is pumping to the body instead of oxygenated blood.

They can become cyanosis

Surgery takes place few weeks after birth for survival

97
Q

Patent ductus arteriosus (PAD)

A

Ductus arteriosus connects the pulmonary artey and aorta during fetal development

Normally closes at birth but fails to close

Blood flow from the aorta goes into the pulmonary artery and not the body.

NO CYANOSIS

98
Q

Coarctation of the aorta

A

Narrowing of the aorta

Blow flow usually is compromise to LE

99
Q

Composition of blood

A

Solids 45%

  • erythrocytes (RBC)
  • leukocyte (WBC)
  • platelets

Liquids 55%

  • plasma
  • hemoatocrit
  • hemoglobin
100
Q

Types of anemias

A

Pernicious

Hypochromic

Hemolytic

Aplastic

Secondary

Hemiglobinopathies

101
Q

Anemia

A

Condition of low levels of RBC, decrease oxygen and nutrient delivered to the tissues in the body.

102
Q

Hemolytic anemia

A

Decrease RBC due to cell destruction

Etiology
-toxins, drugs, infection

Joint pain, jaundice, headache

103
Q

Aplastic anemia

A

Bone marrow fails to function

Decrease production of all blood cells

  • RBC
  • WBC
  • platelets
104
Q

Secondary anemia

A

Anemia that is secondary to another chronic disease

  • kidney disease
  • Leukemia
  • RA
105
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

Genetic disease often affecting African Americans

  • abnormal hemoglobin S
  • hemoglobin cells pick up O2 but when release it forms crystal chains
  • cells become sickle shape
106
Q

Thalassemia

A

Genetic disease affecting African American

Caused by inadequate protein synthesis

107
Q

Polycythemia Vera

A

Condition where RBC mass is increased and blood becomes thick

Absolute & relative (types)

108
Q

Hemophilia

A

Genetic, sex linked, usually male

Deficiency in factor VIII

Intracranial bleeding can occur and usually is fatal

109
Q

Von williebrand disease

A

Adult version of hemophilia But not sex linked

110
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Decrease number of platelets

Also caused by autoimmune destruction of platelets

111
Q

Neutropenia

A

Decreased number of circulating neutrophils

Neutrophils are our first line of defense

Patho Test 2 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions