Patho Test 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Upper respiratory system contains
A
Respiratory endothelium
Pharynx
Larynx
Epiglottis
2
Q
Lower respiratory system contains
A
Cilia Trachea Bronchi Bronchiole Alveoli Pulmonary capillaries
3
Q
Parts of the lung
R/L/ middle…
A
Right- 3 lobes
Left- 2 lobes
Mediastinum - middle where heart goes
4
Q
What is Pleura
A
Double layer casing that goes around the lung
5
Q
Double blood supply contains
A
Deoxygenated blood
Oxygenated blood
6
Q
Deoxygenated blood travels…
A
From the RIGHT VENTRICLE through PULMONARY ARTERY then to the PULMONARY CAPILLARIES and AVEOLI
7
Q
Oxygenated blood travels
A
Through BRONCHIAL ARTERIES then to the LEFT VENTRICLE and then to the BODY
8
Q
Muscles of respiratory
A
Diaphragm
Intercostal muscles
Abdominal muscles
Accessory muscles
9
Q
Which system controls respiration
A
Autonomic nervous system
10
Q
Example of voluntary control (respiration)
A
Singing
Blowing out candles
11
Q
What is cyanosis
A
Lack of oxygen
12
Q
What is a spirometry
A
Measures volume of air moving in and out of the lungs,
Rate of air flow in and out of lungs
13
Q
Pulmonary function test is also known as
A
Spirometry
14
Q
Upper respiratory diseases
A
Common cold
Sinus infection
Influence (UPS)
Snoring
15
Q
Lower respiratory diseases compared to upper respiratory diseases
A
Are more debilitating, or can be fatal.
16
Q
Lower respiratory diseases
A
Influenza (LRS)
Pneumonia
TB
COPD
pneumothorax
17
Q
Influenza
A
Viral, acute, highly contagious respiratory infection.
At risk- old, young, immune disorder pts Sx's - fever -cough -fatigue -aches
Can progress to pneumonia
18
Q
Pneumonia
A
Bacterial or viral
Acute inflammation of the lungs
Bacterial- treat with antibiotics
19
Q
Tuberculosis
A
Contagious
Spread by airborne tubercle bacilli
Primary exposure caused production of antibodies (PPD + Mantoux)
Immediately onset or dormant for awhile
Treated with antibiotics
20
Q
COPD aka…
A
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
21
Q
COPD
2 types
A
Chronic bronchitis
Emphysema
22
Q
COPD
A
Inflammation from noxious stimuli in the airway
i.e. Smoke or toxins
23
Q
Chronic bronchitis
A
Type of COPD
bronchitis attacks, lasting for several months over a 2 year period.
Swelling of the mucous and mucus production
No cure
24
Q
Emphysema
A
Type of COPD
irreversible
Destruction of cilia and mucosa and mucus production closes the airway
Inability to exhale, lung keeps stale air in.
Lung is unable to stretch and take air In.
25
Effects of emphysema
Pink Puffers
- working hard to get enough O2 and progresses to....
Blue Bloaters
- when tissue become cyanosis because not enough O2 for so long.
26
Bronchial asthma
Bronchial tubes become inflamed
Treated with steroids (antistamines, bronchodilators)
Severe cases require epinephrine or tracheotomy
27
Cystic fibrosis
Autosomal recessive
Affects all exocrine glands ****
Excessive, viscous mucus secretion causes airway obstruction.
Excessive perspiration can use up electrolytes in the body.
28
Diagnosis and treatment for cystic fibrosis
Sweat test- to check for elevated levels of salt
Nutritional counseling
29
Pleurisy
```
2 types
(Dry & pleurisy from effusion)
```
It's a complication of other diseases / or trauma
Sharp stabbing pain with inspiration / or cough
30
Pneumonthorax
Collapse lung
Increase pressure in the cavity allowing the lung to collapse
Weakened area in the lung letting air in the space from inside or from puncture from outside
31
Atelectasis
Collapse of the lung from rupture of the alveoli forms obstruction, tumor, or pneumothorax
Presents like pneumothorax
32
Pulmonary embolism
Blockage in one or more arteries in the pulmonary circulation system
Usually from immobility, major surgery, cancer
33
Lung cancer
Malignant tumor that develops in lung tissue
Many times it's secondary
Treatment
- surgery, radiation, then chemo
They need to stop smoking
34
Age related changes
Lung compliance (capacity) decreases
Weakness in muscles of respiration
Postural dysfunction
Lung cancer incidence increases
Joint limitations in rib cage
35
Cardiac tissue
Pericardium-membrane surrounding the heart
Myocardium- heart muscle forming walls of the chambers , thicker on left = pumps harder
Endocardium- lines myocardium, lining if the chambers
36
Right VENTRICLE pump to the...
Lungs
37
Left ventricle pumps to the...
Body
Pumps harder
38
Structure of the heart
4 chambers
Septum
Valves
arteries of the heart.
39
Chambers of the heart
Atria (L/R)
Chambers L/R
40
Right atria receives blood from...
The systemic circulatory through vena cava
R atria is bigger collects more blood
41
Left atria receives ...
Oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins (4)
42
Right VENTRICLE pumps blood through....
The pulmonary artery to the lungs
43
Left ventricle pumps blood through
The aorta to the body and coronary arteries to the heart
44
Cardiac valves
Atrioventricular valves (AV)
Semilunar valves
45
atrioventricular valves (AV)
Between the atria and ventricles
Bicuspid or mitral on left
Tricuspid valve
46
Semilunar valve
Aorta from the left ventricle
Pulmonary from the right
47
Coronary arteries
Supply oxygen and nutrition to heart muscle from aorta
Right coronary artery
Left coronary artery
48
Systemic circulatory system
Distributes oxygenated blood to the body and brings deoxygenated blood to the heart
49
Pulmonary circulatory system
Brings deoxygenated blood to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the heart
50
Circulatory pathway: deoxygenated blood
Deoxygenated
- superior &a inferior vena cava
- right atrium
- tricuspid valve
- right Ventricle
- Pulmonary semilunar valve
- pulmonary artery
- lung
51
Circulation pathway: oxygenated
```
Pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Bicuspid valve
Left ventricle
Aortic semilunar valve
Aorta and coronary arteries
Body
```
52
Cardiac cycle (BP)
Diastole
- relaxation or filling phase of each chamber
Systole
- contracting or emptying phase of each chamber
53
Conduction system
1) SA NODE
- initiates beat on contraction
- pacemaker
2) AV node
- at the junction of the right atrium and ventricle
3) bundle of HIS
- conducts impulses on contraction
4) bundle branches (R+L)
5) purkinje fibers
- spreads over Ventricle walls to stimulate strong contraction required to pump blood to systemic and pulmonary systems
54
Lipids and cholesterol
LDL
- bad, clods arteries
HDL
- good
- helps remove LDL from arteries and brings it to the liver to break it down and pass out of the body
triglycerides
- store excess energy from diet
Blood test determines levels
55
ECG / EKG
Electrocardiogram
56
Lab test can diagnosis...
Enzymes released with cardiac muscle necrosis
Blood count / CBC
electrolytes
57
Arteriosclerosis
Hardening of the arteries
Degenerative condition
58
Atherosclerosis
Form of arteriosclerosis
Idiopathic but hereditary component
Plaques develop narrowing lumen or causing thickening of the artery walls and decrease flexibility
Common complication of diabetes
59
Peripheral artery disease
OR...
Peripheral vascular disease
PVD
PAD
60
Intermittent Claudication
Pain with walking cause by ischemia
61
Gangrene
Localize tissue death in ischemic areas
Can result in amputation
62
Raynaud's disease
Poor blood flow to the fingers and toes caused vasoconstriction
Immune response triggered by cold or stress
Can be secondary
63
Aortic aneurysm
Weakening/ ballooning in the wall of a vessel
No symptoms unless it ruptures
Can be in brain, cheat, abdominal aorta
64
Hypertension
140/90 - stage 1 pre hypertension
160/100- stage 2 secondary hypertension
Risk factors
- smoking
- obesity
- lack of exercise
- family history
- salt and lipid intake
65
Mechanisms to alter blood pressure
Hemorrhage - BP decreases
Fluid retention - BP increases
High BP -circulation increase to the kidneys
66
Phlebitis
Inflammation of a vein usually in the leg
More serious with deep vein involvement
67
Thrombophlebitis
Thrombus forms in the deep vein of the leg
Veins become congested with blood
May become an embolism if it breaks free
May require surgery
68
Varicose veins 3 types
Legs, hemorrhoid (rectum), esophagus
69
Varicose veins
Stagnation of blood in superficial veins of legs
70
Hemorrhoid
Varicose veins of the rectum
71
Esophageal varicose
Varicose vein of the esophagus
72
Healthy lifestyle choices to help prevent diseases
Stop smoking
BP 120/80
Check cholesterol
Diabetes under control
Exercise
Eat health
Manage stress
73
Cardiac risk factors
Obesity
Hypertension
Smoking
High LDL/ low HDL
Diabetes
Family history
C-reactive protein
74
Angina pectoris
Caused by temporary oxygen insufficiency
(Ischemia- deficiency of blood flow)
Suffocating feeling
75
Myocardial infarction (MI)
```
Cardiac arrest
Severe chest pain
Referred pain to neck or left UE
Shorten of breath
Dizziness
```
Women have silent symptoms
If they pass out get medical attention ASAP & start CPR
76
Myocarditis
Inflammation of the heart muscle
Viral or bacterial (Lyme, strep, staph)
77
Cardiomyopathy
Heart becomes weaken due to changes in the muscle tissue & function
3 types
78
3 types of cardiomyopathy
Dilated
-ventricles dilated / over stretches
Hypertrophic
- ventricle is enlarged
- seen in kids
Restrictive
- scar tissue due to heart damage
79
Rheumatic fever
Develops 2 weeks after strep or ear infection
Mostly in children / young adults
Autoimmune disease
- signs subside and autoimmune disease develops causing inflammation of valves in the heart
80
Endocarditis
Infection and inflammation of the lining of the heart
Bacterial or fungal infection that enters through the blood stream from another infected area
Develops after strep
81
Valve disorders
Insufficiency when a valve doesn't close properly, opening is to large allowing back follow.
Can cause heart murmurs
Severe cases can cause CHF
82
Valve disorder
Risk factors
Diagnosis
Age , family hx, he of rheumatic fever
Diagnosed by listening to the heart for murmurs
ECG
83
Stenosis of a valve
Narrowing of the valve
Opening is to small
Cusps valve fail to fuse together
Blood backs up
84
Heart block
Failure of impulse to conduct from the atria to the ventricles, so they will contract independently of each other
85
Atrial fibrillation (AF)
This is the most common heart rhythms disorder
Caused by impulses spreading, atria and ventricle are uncoordinated and atrium flutters
Ventricles don't fill properly
86
Ventricular fibrillation (VF)
Caused the ventricles to flutter, much more serious than AF
Can cause cardiac arrest
CPR and defibrillation should happen immediately
87
Congestive heart failure
Progressive reduction of the hearts ability to pump the blood
Inadequate pumping of the heart
Can involve right or left
88
Right heart failure
Right atrium and ventricle
Causing back up of blood coming in to the heart from the body
89
Left heart failure
Left atrium and ventricle
Caused back up of blood coming u to the heart from the lung
90
Shock
The inability of the heart to pump effectively causing decreases venous return
Happens when BP drops to low to sustain life and inadequate blood supply to the cells
Shock is usually fatal if not treated
91
Congenital heart disorders
Septal defects
Tetrology of fallot
Transposition of Arteries
Patent ductus arteriosus (PAD)
Coarctation of the aorta
92
Septal defects
Foramen ovale fails to close after birth.
93
Atrial septal defects (ASD)
Between the atria
Pressure forces blood from the left atrium to the right.
Right side gets overwhelmed due to increase blood volume
94
Ventricle septal defect (VSD)
Between the ventricles
Pressure forces blood from left ventricle to the right ventricle
Left tries to supply the body but becomes exhausted
Can cause cyanosis
95
Tetrology of fallot
Baby is born Cyanosis
Becomes more cyanosis during activity like eating, crying or BMs
96
Transposition of arteries
Arteries are going to the wrong place
Deoxygenated blood is pumping to the body instead of oxygenated blood.
They can become cyanosis
Surgery takes place few weeks after birth for survival
97
Patent ductus arteriosus (PAD)
Ductus arteriosus connects the pulmonary artey and aorta during fetal development
Normally closes at birth but fails to close
Blood flow from the aorta goes into the pulmonary artery and not the body.
NO CYANOSIS
98
Coarctation of the aorta
Narrowing of the aorta
Blow flow usually is compromise to LE
99
Composition of blood
Solids 45%
- erythrocytes (RBC)
- leukocyte (WBC)
- platelets
Liquids 55%
- plasma
- hemoatocrit
- hemoglobin
100
Types of anemias
Pernicious
Hypochromic
Hemolytic
Aplastic
Secondary
Hemiglobinopathies
101
Anemia
Condition of low levels of RBC, decrease oxygen and nutrient delivered to the tissues in the body.
102
Hemolytic anemia
Decrease RBC due to cell destruction
Etiology
-toxins, drugs, infection
Joint pain, jaundice, headache
103
Aplastic anemia
Bone marrow fails to function
Decrease production of all blood cells
- RBC
- WBC
- platelets
104
Secondary anemia
Anemia that is secondary to another chronic disease
- kidney disease
- Leukemia
- RA
105
Sickle cell anemia
Genetic disease often affecting African Americans
- abnormal hemoglobin S
- hemoglobin cells pick up O2 but when release it forms crystal chains
- cells become sickle shape
106
Thalassemia
Genetic disease affecting African American
Caused by inadequate protein synthesis
107
Polycythemia Vera
Condition where RBC mass is increased and blood becomes thick
Absolute & relative (types)
108
Hemophilia
Genetic, sex linked, usually male
Deficiency in factor VIII
Intracranial bleeding can occur and usually is fatal
109
Von williebrand disease
Adult version of hemophilia But not sex linked
110
Thrombocytopenia
Decrease number of platelets
Also caused by autoimmune destruction of platelets
111
Neutropenia
Decreased number of circulating neutrophils
Neutrophils are our first line of defense
