Patho test 2 Flashcards
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiretic hormone secretion (SIADH) is characterized by ____ levels of ADH in the absence of normal control mechanisms.
high
An anterior pituitary adenoma usually causes ___ of hormones from the adenoma itself and ___ of hormones from the surrounding pituitary cells.
hypersecretion; hyposecretion
Women who have gestational diabetes have ___ risk for type 2 diabetes later in life.
increased
An individual with type 1 diabetes who have the dawn phenomenon has a ___ blood glucose in the early morning than in the middle of the night.
increased
Cretinism is caused by untreated congenital ___.
hypothyroidism
In autoimmune diabetes, also called type ___ diabetes, pancreatic beta cells are destroyed by autoreactive ___.
1A ; cytotoxic T lymphocytes
Persons who have type 1 diabetes have a deficit of insulin and ____ and a relative excess of ___.
amylin ; glucagon
In diabetes, microvascular disease refers to ____ whereas macrovascular disease refers to ___.
destruction of capillaries ; accelerated atherosclerosis.
What are some characteristics of cushings disease?
facial flush; moon face; purple striae, trunk obesity, thin extremities, easy bruising, pendulous abd.
Caused by a problem in the gland that secretes a hormone whose action is directed toward other tissues rather than to another gland
Primary endocrine disorder
cortisol excess causes
lipolysis and altered fat distribution
Reason why people with Cushings bruise so easily
excess cortisol causes proteins to break down and make small blood vessels fragile
Reason why people with Cushings have hyperpigmentation
ACTH excess causes excess production of MSH which stimulates melanin
Caused by a problem with a gland that secretes a hormone whose target tissues are another gland that it stimulates or suppresses.
Secondary endocrine disorder
It is the effects of having too much thyroid hormone, as seen with hyperthyoidism
thyrotoxicosis
The effects of dangerously high levels of thyroid hormone
thyrotoxic crisis
S/S of thyrotoxic crisis
high fever, extreme tachycardia, and potential death from heart failure or cardiac dysrythmias.
caused by a problem in the hypothalamus of the posterior pituitary that decreases ADH release
neurogenic diabetes insipidus
caused by a problem in the kidney itself that causes insensitivity to ADH.
nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
Hypersecretion of growth hormone in adults
acromegaly
Occurs with hypersecretion of growth hormone in children and adolescents whose epphyseal plates have not yet closed, so their big bones are able to grow
gigantism
Lethargy, hyponatremia, perhaps seizure, decreased plasma osmolality, concentrated urine
SIADH
Lethargy, cold intolerance, hoarseness, nonpitting boggy edema around eyes, course hair, decreased body temperature
Hypothyroidism
Hypertension, tachycardia, palpitations, severe HA, diaphoresis, heat intolerance, weight loss, constipation.
pheochromocytoma
Virilizations: lack of breast development, hirsutism, increased muscle bulk
adrenal adenoma causing hypersecretion of androgens in a woman
polyuria, decreased level of consciousness, kussmaul breathing, acetone smell of breath, hyperglycemia, decreased blood pH, ketonuria, glycosuria.
diabetic ketoacidosis
tachycardia, diaphoresis, tremor, pallor, confusion, decreased level of consciousness, perhaps seizure
hypoglycemia
hypertension, hypokalemia, increased blood pH, increased urine potassium
primary hyperaldosteronism
polydipsia, nocturia, polyuria, increased appetite, weight loss, hyperglycemia, glycosuria
type 1 diabetes mellitus
polydipsia, nocturia, polyuria, hypernatrremia, increased plasma osmolality, large volume of dilute urine
diabetes insipidus
weakness, fatigue, hypotension, hyperkalemia, hypoglycemia, elevated ACTH
Addison Disease
Failure of the hypothalamus to secrete its usual hormones presents clinically as ___ disease.
pituitary
Tumors of chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla are called ____.
pheochromocytomas
Excessive water intake that decreases plasma osmolality by overwhelming the ADH mechanisms is called ___ diabetes insipidus.
dipsogenic
When necrosis or another problem in the anterior pituitary causes deficiency of all its hormones, the individuals has ___.
panhypopituitasism
Prolactin-secreting tumors in the ___ pituitary are called ___ in women, they cause ___.
anterior ; prolactinomas; galactorrhea (milk production not associated with childbirth).
Persons who have longstanding diabetes may develop hypoglycemia without the usual sympathetic nervous system manifestations, a condition called ___.
hypoglycemia unawareness
A person who has hypothyroidism can develop a nonpitting boggy edema called ___, that same term, when used with the word coma, indicates the ___ level of consciousness associated with severe hypothyroidism.
myxedema ; decreased
Type 1 diabetes often is diagnosed when the acute complication ____.
diabetic ketoacidosis.
Enlargement of the thyroid gland is called a ___ and is a response to increased stimulation by ___.
goiter ; TSH
Persons who have primary hyperparathyroidism are predisposed to form kidney ___.
stones
____ is caused by hypersecretion of ACTH from the anterior pituitary, but the term ____ is used for any condition involving chronic exposure to excessive cortisol.
Cushing disease; Cushing syndrome
Two basic components of the pathophys behind type 2 DM?
insulin resistance ; pancreatic beta cell dysfunction
The risk for developing gonorrhea from intercourse with an infected heterosexual partner is great for
women
In the United States , the prevalence of syphilis is highest among
men
The rash of ___ syphilis is unusual because it appears ____ as well as on the torso.
secondary; on palms of hands and soles of feet
____ who develop chancroid infection usually are asymptomatic.
women
Persons who are symptomatic for chancroid infection develop…
painful genital ulcers and buboes
HPV serotypes 16 and 18 are associated with
anogenital cancer
HPV serotypes 6 and 11 are associated with _
genital warts
Trichomoniasis is caused by a
parasite
Trichomoniasis adheres to
squamous epithelium
Although trichomonas infection may be asymptomatic in men or women, women who have symptoms usually report
pruritis and a copious frothy discharge that smells very unpleasant
Genital warts are __ contagious and are caused by a ____
highly; virus
Persons who have HSV infection can transmit the virus
whether or not they have symptoms
An anaerobic spirochete
syphilis
circular, double stranded DNA virus that has numerous strains
HPV genital warts
gram-negative diplococci
gonorrhea
gram-negative intracellular bacterium
chylamydia
linear, double stranded DNA virus that has latent stage in neurons
herpes simplex virus
a painless ulcer with indurated edges
chancre
a painful, swollen abscessed lymph node
bubo
condylomata lacuminata are genital warts caused by
HPV
condylomata lata are flat warts characteristic of
syphilis
pubic lice that attach to hair and bite the skin for nourishment
crabs
mites that burrow into the skin to lay eggs
scabies
The bacteria that causes gonorrhea attach to host ___ cells of mucous membranes at the site of initial infection.
epithelial
Untreated genital gonococcal infection that spreads can cause ___ in men and ____ in women, both of which can lead to sterility.
epididymitis; pelvic inflammatory disease
Gonorrhea transmitted by an infected mother before or during birth typically manifests as an ____ infection in the neonate and develops 1 to 12 ____ after birth.
eye; days
excessive scratching of pruritic lesions such as from scabies or pubic lice can lead to
secondary infection
granulaoma inguinale, also known as ___ , is a chronic progressive destructive bacterial infection of genitals.
Donovanosis
The chronic STI lymphogranuloma venereum begins as infection of the genital ___ and then spreads to the ___ tissue.
skin; lymph
Hepatitis ____ definitely can be transmitted sexually, and hepatitis A and C may have the potential for sexual transmission also.
B
Typical lesions of genital herpes begin as painful ____ that break open and then crust over before they heal.
vesicles
Recurrent episodes of genital herpes typically are ____ severe and have ___ duration than the primary episode.
less; shorter
The most common manifestations a women with chlamydia can transmit to her infant
conjunctivitis and pneumonia
Much cardiovascular development occurs between weeks ___ of gestation; most congenital heart defects have begun to develop by the ___ week of gestation
4 to 7; 8th
The umbilical vein carries __ blood in fetal life
oxygenated
After birth, systemic vascular resistance ___ and the pulmonary vascular resistance ___
increases; decreases
Neonates have ____ cardiac reserve because they have ___ cardiac output and high oxygen demand.
little; high
Bluish color of mucous membranes and nail beds caused by presence of deoxygenated hemoglobin is called ____
cyanosis
Heart failure in children is ___ manifested by peripheral edema and neck vein distension
rarely
The most common congenital heart defect is ___ septal defect; many of these defects ___ close spontaneously.
ventricular; will
Fetal oxygenation occurs in the _______.
placenta
Pulmonary overcirculation caused by an uncorrected congenital heart defect causes the smooth muscle layer in the pulmonary arterial tree to _______ and the lumens to ______.
thicken; narrow
Failure in the endocardial cushions to fuse during fetal life causes an _______ canal defect and frequently occurs in children who have _______ syndrome.
atrioventricular; down
Underdevelopment of the left heart is termed _______ left heart syndrome.
hypoplastic
With transportation of the great arteries, the aorta arises from the _______ ventricle, and the pulmonary artery arises from the _______ ventricle; unless additional defects are present, this defect is incompatible with _______ life.
right; left; extrauterine
The condition in which the pulmonary artery and the aorta are a single blood vessel is called _______ _______.
truncus arteriosus
Young children who develop _______ disease have vasculitis of unknown cause and often develop aneurysms of their _______ arteries that may regress as the condition resolves.
Kawasaki; coronary
Sustained hypertension in children often is associated with underlying _______ disease.
renal
The presence of parental obesity is associated with childhood _______.
obesity
Because fetal circulation bypasses the lungs, most blood entering the right side of the heart passes through ________ __________ and enters systemic circulation.
ductus arteriosus
Right to left shunting in fetal circulation occurs through what structure in fetal hearts not found normally in adult hearts?
Foramen ovale
an opening between the atria
foramen ovale
All structures of the fetal heart and vascular system are present by what week of fetal gestation?
8th
A fetal vessel that joins the pulmonary artery to the aorta (so fetal circulation bypasses the lungs) is called
ductus arteriosus
What structure connects the inferior vena cava to the umbilical vein in the fetus?
ductus venosus
Systemic vascular resistance in a fetus increases after birth as a result of severance of the umbilical cord (placenta was low-resistance) causing what structural change to occur in the infant’s myocardium over time?
thickening of left ventricular myocardium.
