Patho test 1 Flashcards
Contain their own DNA that codes for enzymes.
Mitochondria
Which type of tissue lines the kidney tubules?
Simple cuboidal tissue
Most common cause of hypoxia
ischemia
Lack of heart contraction during hypoxia is caused by…
rapid decrease in mitochondrial phosphorylation, resulting in low ATP production.
Lack of ATP during hypoxia causes…
an increase in anaerobic metabolism.
Process of anaerobic metabolism.
Na-K+ pump fails, increased Na+ in cell, swelling of cell
The effect that genetics has on aging.
DNA damage due to free radicals of oxygen.
This occurs when an external force or a cut of blood supply damages the cell.
Necrosis
Programmed cell death.
Apoptosis.
Indicative of tissue hypoxia and low oxygen.
Elevated lactic acid.
Process of anaerobic glycolysis.
Mitochondria cannot form ATP, so glucose produces ATP along with pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid is then converted to lactic acid.
A molecule that can donate a proton or accept an electron pair.
Acid
Aldosterone regulates
sodium balance.
Aldosterone is secreted from
the adrenal cortex.
Production of aldosterone
low BP and renal flow, renin released, converted to angiotensin I, ACE converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II, angiotensin II stimulates secretion of aldosterone.
Role of aldosterone.
promotes sodium and water reabsorption.
Of the 60% of the body that is made up of water, 3L is found where?
Intravascular ECF (blood plasma)
The blood pressure generated in vessels by the contraction of the heart.
hydrostatic pressure.
Genetic error of Down syndrome
Trisomy of 21st chromosome.
If a male inherits an autosomal recessive disorder, he inherited from…
both parents.
The passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries, typically accompanying inflammation.
diapedesis
a benign tumor that arises in or resembles glandular tissue.
adenoma.
characteristics of malignant tissue
anaplasia, irregular edges, rapid growth rate, moderate vascularity,
Poorly differentiated or undifferentiated tissue
malignant tumor
Cells and nuclei that vary in shape and size
pleomorphic cells in malignant tumors.
The most common route for distant metastasis
bloodstream
cancer cachexia
tumor takes nutrients from the host.
AIDS predisposes people to…
opportunistic infections
AIDS is trasmitted by
anal sex, contaminated blood, mother to baby, shared needles
Affected cells in AIDS are
CD4 cells
slowly augments the initial defenses against infection and provides long-term security against reinfection.
Immunity
Two types of acquired immunity
Active and passive immunity
Two types of lymphocytes involved in immunity
T and B lymphocytes.
a type of serum protein that provides long-term specific protection against particular antigens.
antibodies
Two words to describe antibodies
Specificity and memory.
altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in disease or damage to the host.
hypersensitivity
most rapid and severe hypersensitivity reaction
anaphyalxis
does not involve the host’s immune response at all.
passive immunity
passive immunity is
temporary
three body systems that work together to respond to stress and injury
central nervous system, neuroendocrine, and immune system.
inhibits initial inflammatory effects such as vasodilation and increased capillary permeability
cortisol
cortisol promotes
resolution and repair.
cortisol suppresses
Th1 cells
cortisol stimulates
Th2 cells
function as chemical signals between cells
cytokines
cells of innate immunity
macrophages, dendritic cells, antigen-presenting cells
cells of adaptive immunity
Th1 and Th2 lymphocytes.
essential to the development of an adequate immune response
cytokines
how does the immune system exert effect upon the brain?
through hormones.
these two systems provide the means by which cell and tissue functions are integrated into a solitary, surviving organism.
Nervous and endocrine system.
central nervous system consist of the
brain and spinal cord.
peripheral nervous system consists of
cranial and spinal nerves.
the PNS can be divided into the
somatic and autonomic system.
regulates voluntary motor control of skeletal muscle
somatic nervous system.
regulates involuntary control of organ systems.
autonomic nervous system.
two major types of cells in the nervous system
neurons and neuroglial cells.
the primary information and communication cell of the nervous system
neurons.
Remove debris, increase speed of nerve impulses, and involved with memory
neuroglial cells.
three parts of a neuron.
cell body, dendrites, and axons.
extensions that carry nerve impulse toward the cell body.
dendrites.
projections that carry nerve impulses away from the body.
axons.
Neurotransmitters are formed in
neurons
Neurotransmitters are stored in
synaptic vesicles within the axon knobs.
how neurotransmitters are released.
action potentials cause synaptic vessels to release NTS into synaptic cleft where they bind to receptor sites of postsynaptic neuron.
synapses between neurons permit
impulses.
the cephalic portion of the nervous system becomes
the brain.
the caudal portion of the nervous system becomes the
spinal cord
CN I
olfactory
CN II
optic
CN III
occulomotor
CN IV
Trochlear
CN V
Trigeminal
CN VI
abducens
CN VII
facial
CN VIII
vestibulocochlear
CN IX
glossopharyngeal
CN X
Vagus
CN XI
spinal accessory
CN XII
hypoglossal
structures involved in a reflex arc
receptor, afferent (sensory) neuron, efferent (motor) neuron, effector muscle/gland.
type of sensory neuron in reflex arc
dorsal root ganglion
type of motor neuron in refelx arc
ventral root ganglion
composed of corpora quadrigemina (tectum), tegmentum, and basis pedunculi
midbrain
composed of metencephalon and myelencephalon
hindbrain
major structures of metencephalon
cerebellum and pons
major structures of myelencephalon
medulla oblongata
composed of telencephalon and diencephalon
forebrain
telencephalon consists of
cererbum
diencephalon consists of
epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, and subthalamus.
disorders due to dysfunction of basal ganglia
parkinson and huntington’s disease
the formation of the BBB is due to
astrocytes
blood brain barrier consists of
tight junctions
coordinates and maintains a steady-state among internal organs.
autonomic nervous system.
The autonomic nervous system is separated into
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
the neurotransmitter of the preganglionic neurons for both divisions of the autonomic nervous system is
acetylcholine.
the neurotransmitters for the sympathetic postganglionic fibers is
norepinephrine.
major control center for the autonomic nervous system
peripheral nervous system
Sensory system that relays information about touch, temperature, pain, and body position.
peripheral nervous system.
perception and awareness of the position of the body and its parts
proprioception
what is the gate in the gate control theory of pain?
substania gelatinosa
The gate control theory of pain
fibers open the gate and increase pain perception, closure of gates decrease pain perception.
These fibers transmit sharp, well-localized, and fast pain sensations.
A-delta fibers
These fibers transmit slow, dull, aching, or burning sensations that are poorly localized and longer acting.
C-fibers
episodic neurologic disorder with a headache lasting 4 to 72 hours
migraine
Spastic paralysis involves
upper motor neurons
Flaccid muscle paralysis involves
lower motor neurons
Type of paralysis where muscle groups are affected
spastic paralysis
Type of paralysis where hypertonia is present
spastic paralysis
type of paralysis where individual muscles are affected
flaccid muscle paralysis
