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Nursing > Patho Test 1 > Flashcards

Patho Test 1 Flashcards

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0
Q

2 types of feedback mechanism

A

1) negative feedback

2) positive feedback

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1
Q

3 components of feedback control

A

1) sensor
2) integrator/comparator/regulatory center
3) effector

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2
Q

Iatrogenic etiology

A

Caused by healthcare professional during treatment or diagnostic procedure

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3
Q

Clinical manifestations are investigated by acronym…

A

OPQRST

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4
Q

OPQRST means…

A 
Onset
Provocative
Quality
Region/radiation
Severity
Timing
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5
Q

Investigate symptoms asking about…

A 
Location
Quality
Quantity
Chronology
Setting
Aggravating/alleviating factors
Associated manifestations
Meanings to patient
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6
Q

Stages of the disease process…

A 
Exposure
Latent incubation
Prodromal period
Acute phase
Remission
Convalescence 
Recovery
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7
Q

Cells adapt by changing…

A

Size
Number
Type

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8
Q

Atrophy

A

Cell size decreases

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9
Q

Causes of atrophy

A 
Disuse
Denervation
Loss of endocrine stimulation 
Inadequate nutrition 
Ischemia
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10
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Cell size increases which increases the cell functioning tissue mass

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11
Q

2 types of hypertrophy

A

1) physiologic - exercise

2) pathologic - hypertension

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12
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Cell number increases

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13
Q

Metaplasia

A

Reversible replacement of one cell type by another of same family

Response to chronic irritation

Reprogramming of stem cells

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14
Q

Dysplasia

A

Atypical form of hyperplasia

Changes to number size shape and organization

Precursor to cancer

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15
Q

Neoplasia

A

Abnormal proliferation of cells

Abnormally grow OR don’t die

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16
Q

Causes of cell injury

A

Hypoxia
Oxygen-derived free radicals
Impaired calcium homeostasis
Chemical injury

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17
Q

Reperfusion (hypoxia-reoxygenation) injury

A

Reperfused tissue must sustain loss of cells in addition to irreversibly damaged cells after ischemia

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18
Q

Reperfusion injury causes what major problem for remaining cells?

A

Highly reactive oxygen intermediates

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19
Q

OFR

A

Oxygen free radical

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20
Q

Examples of antioxidants

A 
Alpha lipoid acid
Vit A, C, E
Coenzyme Q10
Selenium
Polyphenols (green tea)
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21
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Rest and digest

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22
Q

Sympathetic

A

Fight or flight

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23
Q

GAS 3 structural changes

A

Enlarged adrenal glands
Decreased thymus gland
Gastrointestinal ulceration

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24
Q

3 stages of GAS

A

Alarm
Stage of resistance/adaptation
Stage of exhaustion

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25
Q

3 systems that respond to stress

A

Nervous
Endocrine
Immune

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26
Q

3 components of physiological stress

A

Stressor
Physical/chemical disturbance
Body’s counteracting response

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27
Q

3 types of flu virus

A

Type a, b, c

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28
Q

Type a flu virus subtype

A

H1n1
H1n2
H3n2

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29
Q

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)

A

Origin - hypothalamus
Target - anterior pituitary
Action - stimulates TSH

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30
Q

Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

A

Origin - hypothalamus
Target - anterior pituitary
Action - stimulates ACTH

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31
Q

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

Origin - hypothalamus
Target - anterior pituitary
Action - stimulates LH and FSH

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32
Q

Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

A

Origin - hypothalamus
Target - anterior pituitary
Action - stimulates GH

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33
Q

Somatotropin release inhibiting hormone (SRIH)

A

Origin - hypothalamus
Target - anterior pituitary
Action - inhibits GH

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34
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

Origin - anterior pituitary
Target - thyroid
Action - stimulates thyroid hormone

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35
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Origin - anterior pituitary
Target - ovaries and testes
Action - stimulates ovarian follicles and sperm maturation

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36
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

Origin - anterior pituitary
Target - ovaries and testes
Action - stimulates ovulation. Synthesize sex hormones

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37
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

A

Origin - anterior pituitary
Target - body
Action - stimulates protein synthesis and growth

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38
Q

Prolactin

A

Origin - anterior pituitary
Target - breasts
Action - stimulates milk production

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39
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

Origin - anterior pituitary
Target - adrenal cortex
Action - secrete adrenal cortical hormones

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40
Q

Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

Origin - anterior pituitary
Target - skin cells
Action - stimulates melanin synthesis

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41
Q

Oxytocin

A

Origin - posterior pituitary
Target - breast and uterus
Action - stimulates milk ejection and contraction

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42
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Origin - posterior pituitary
Target - renal collecting ducts
Action - stimulates water reabsorption

43
Q

L-thyroxine (T4)

Triiodothyronine (T3)

A

Origin - thyroid gland
Target - peripheral tissues
Action - skeletal growth, heat production, increased o2, protein, fat, and carbs use

44
Q

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)

A

Origin - adrenal cortex
Target - peripheral tissue
Action - stimulates gluconeogensis, anti inflammatory, immunosuppression

45
Q

Aldosterone

A

Origin - adrenal cortex
Target - renal tubules
Action - increase na reabsorption, k+ secretion, h+ secretion

46
Q

Epinephrine

A

Origin - adrenal medulla

47
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Origin - adrenal medulla

48
Q

3 causes of endocrine disorders

A

1) hypo secretion
2) hyper secretion
3) lack of responsiveness

49
Q

Panhypopituitarism

A

Condition if decreased production of all pituitary hormones

50
Q

Somatotropin

A

Growth hormone

51
Q

GH excess in children leads to

A

Gigantism

52
Q

GH excess in adults leads to

A

Acromegaly

53
Q

Dz of congenital hypothyroidism

A

Cretinism

54
Q

Hashimotos’s dz

A

Destruction of thyroid cells by various cell and antibody mediated immune processes

55
Q

Most common cause of hypothyroidism after age 6

A

Hashimoto’s dz

56
Q

Subacute thyroiditis (SAT)

A

Hyperthyroidism from cell breakdown
Hypothyroidism after breakdown is metabolized
Returns to normal function

57
Q

Graves dz

A

Autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism

Most common cause of hyperthyroidism

58
Q

Most common cause of childhood thyrotoxicosis

A

Graves dz

59
Q

Myxedema

A

Normally occurs in hypothyroidism
Can occur in other thyroid conditions
Usually in anterior tibial location

60
Q

Adrenal cortical hormone categories

A 
Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
Adrenal androgens (androstenedione)
61
Q

Cushings dz

A

Adrenal cortex dz
Too much cortisol
Body produces excess ACTH

62
Q

Addison’s dz

A

Adrenal hypo function
Not enough steroids
Electrolyte imbalance from lack of aldosterone

63
Q

Conn’s syndrome

A

Hyperaldosteronism
Sodium and water are reabsorbed
Decreased potassium

64
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

Tumor of adrenal medulla

65
Q

Complications of seasonal flu

A

Bacterial pneumonia
Ear or sinus infection
Dehydration
Worsening of chronic condition

66
Q

Groups more likely to have flu complications

A 
> or = 65
< or = 2
Anyone with chronic medical condition 
Morbid obesity 
Native Americans
Indigenous Alaskans
67
Q

Number of weeks for body to compile flu antibodies

A

Two

68
Q

Most common inhaled bacteria cause of pneumonia

A

Streptococcus pneumonia

Aka pneumococcus

69
Q

Most common cause of all bacterial pneumonia

A

Pneumococcal pneumonia

70
Q

Most common type of atypical pneumonia

A

Mycoplasma

Aka walking pneumonia

73
Q

SIADH

A

Syndrome of inappropriate anti diuretic hormone

74
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

Not enough ADH

117
Q

Four F’s of hypothalamus responsibilities

A

Feeding
Fighting
Fleeing
Fertility

118
Q

Thyrotropin is aka

A

TSH

119
Q

Wellness

A

Holistic process focusing on physical emotional spiritual and mental balance

120
Q

Disease

A

The presence of a pathology

121
Q

Illness

A

Patients perception of their health regardless of disease

122
Q

Three aspects of disease process

A

Etiology - cause
Pathogenesis - mechanism of disease process
Clinical manifestations - consequences of the structural or biochemical alterations

123
Q

5 adaptive cellular changes

A 
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Dysplasia
124
Q

Most common cause of cellular injury

A

Hypoxia

125
Q

Mechanisms responsible for reperfusion injury

A 
Reactive oxygen intermediates
Reactive nitrogen species 
Overload of cytosolic calcium
Production of cytokines
Neutrophil influx
*pg 15/16
126
Q

Outcomes of cellular injury

A

Reversible injury/cell recovery
Apoptosis
Cell death/necrosis

127
Q

Vacuolation

A

Hypoxic injury - membrane damage - Na K pump failure - shift of fluids into cell - ER up takes extra water causing distention - ruptures into large vacuoles that isolate water from cytoplasm
*pg 19

128
Q

Apoptosis

A

Active process using ATP
does not have inflammatory response
Doesn’t affect surrounding cells

129
Q

Necrosis

A

Occurs in irreversible damaged cells
Passive process
Affects surrounding cells
Significant inflammatory response

130
Q

Normal apoptosis

A

Programmed destruction during embryogenesis
Involution of hormone dependent cells in withdraw
Cell loss in proliferating cell processes
Eliminating harmful self-reactive lymphocyte
Cells that have served their purpose ie after inflammatory response

131
Q

Pathological apoptosis

A

DNA damage that self kills to prevent further damage
Accumulation of miss folded proteins
Cell death during infections
Pathological in organs after duct obstructions
*pg 21/22

132
Q

Gangrene

A

Necrosis of an area of tissue usually do to interruption of blood flow

133
Q

Dry gangrene

A

Caused by interference of ARTERIAL blood supply
NO venous interference
Dry shriveled skin brown - purple - black colored
Developers and spreads slowly
Irritation of dead tissue causes “line of demarcation”
Occurs mostly with pt that have blood vessel dz atherosclerosis

134
Q

Wet gangrene

A 
Interrupted VENOUS drainage caused by burn/frostbite/injury
Area is cold swollen and pulseless
Swelling blistering and wet appearance 
Skin is moist black and under tension
Spreads rapidly
135
Q

Gas gangrene

A

Infection of anaerobic spore forming rod shaped bacillus CLOSTRIDIUM species
Normal flora in GI and female genitourinary system and soil
Enters body after trauma or wound
Typically affects deep muscle tissue
Bubbles of hydrogen sulfide gas form
Crackling sound of skin (subq emphysema)

136
Q

Internal gangrene

A

Gangrene affecting one or more organs

Blood flow to organ is blocked

137
Q

Somatic death

A

Death of entire organism due to absence of respiration and heart beat

138
Q

GAS

A

General Adaptation Syndrome

139
Q

Cerebral cortex in regards to GAS

A

Perception and evaluation of the stressor based on past experiences, future consequences, and plans course of action

140
Q

Reticular formation

A

RAS: reticular activating system

Sends impulses of alertness to lembic sys and cerebral cortex

141
Q

Mild/acute stress and immune system

A

Immune system INCREASES in B cells and natural killer cells

142
Q

Chronic stress and immune system

A

Immune system becomes SUPPRESSED

143
Q

Sympathetic adrenal medullary system

A

Reduces flow to internal organs and mobilizes energy to heart and muscles

144
Q

Mechanisms that regulate hormone release

A 
Chemical factors (blood sugar)
Endocrine factors (other hormone producing glands)
Neural control
145
Q

Somatostatin

A

Inhibits growth hormone production

146
Q

GH is stimulated by

A

Hypoglycemia
Increased blood levels of amino acids
Stress conditions

147
Q

GH is inhibited by

A

Increased glucose levels
Free fatty acid release
Cortisol
Obesity

148
Q

Congenital hyposomatotropism (hypo growth hormone) symptoms

A

Birth ht and wt between 5-10%
Extreme hypoglycemia causing seizures
Neonatal growth curves
“Cherub-like” facial features

149
Q

Somatopause

A

Declining growth hormone usually in adults

150
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

Catecholamine secreting tumor

Nursing (6 decks)

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