Patho Review

Question 1

Pituitary

Answer 1

Hypothalamus makes ADH

DI (diabetes insipidus) → excessive thirst and urination b/c too little ADH released by pituitary or enough ADH but kidneys are not responding to ADH— getting rid of water (hypernatremia)
Serum osmolality= HIGH

SIADH (symptom of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone) → too much ADH and holding too much water (hyponatremia)
Less than 135

Question 2

Cardiac

Answer 2

Good blood flow to kidneys create sufficient renal pressure, allowing for urine formation

Question 3

Lungs

Answer 3

300 mL via insensible water loss daily in normal adult
Water loss increases with tachypnea

Question 4

Adrenal

Answer 4

increase aldosterone causes sodium retention (increasing water retention) and potassium loss

Question 5

Baroreceptors (located in L atrium and carotid and aortic arches)

Answer 5

sensitive to change in blood volumes
Decrease BP (volume) stimulates SNS
Increased HR, cardiac contractility

Question 6

SNS stimulation

Answer 6

also constricts renal arterioles which increases release of aldosterone, decreases GF and increases water and sodium resorption

Question 7

RAAS system
(Renin-Angiotension-Aldosterone System)

Answer 7

vasoconstriction in kidneys increasing arterial pressures and stimulates thirst
Aldosterone also releases and is hormone that regulates volume
Creates vasoconstriction

Question 8

Natriuretic peptides

Answer 8

affect fluid volume and CV function through excretion of sodium and direct vasodilation
Volume expansion increases release of ANP and BNP
Can be an indicator of fluid volume (HF, ESRD)