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Patho quiz 5 > patho quiz 5 3 > Flashcards

patho quiz 5 3 Flashcards

1
Q

How does the body control ventilation?

A

Neurologic control (respiratory center- medulla & pons), Chemical ( changes in PO O2 CO2), Mechanical (stretch receptors in bronchi & irritant receptors throughout the epithelium)

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2
Q

How do you control breathing?

A

Medullary Center, Pons, chemoreceptors, peripheral receptors, stretch receptors, irritant receptors, pain, stress, muscles, and joints

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3
Q

What is ventilation?

A

Process of moving air into the lungs and distributing air within the lungs to alveoli for maintaining of O2 and removal CO2

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4
Q

What is perfusion?

A

The second process of respiration which blood flow and distribution of blood flow at the alveolar level to allow exchange of O2 and CO2

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5
Q

What is the ventilation / perfusion ratio?

A

4L/min of alveoli ventilation to 5L/min of capillary blood flow in the lungs. V/Q 80%, 0.8

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6
Q

What is respiratory insufficiency?

A

Gas exchange is maintained at an acceptable level with much increased work of the cardiopulmonary system

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7
Q

What is respiratory failure?

A

Cardiopulmonary system inability to maintain adequate gas exchange at the pulmonary level

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8
Q

What is the etiology of respiratory failure?

A

Decreased CNS drive to breath, impaired ventilation d/t obstruction, and impaired ventilation/perfusion

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9
Q

What is hypoxemia?

A

Abnormally low O2 in the blood as a direct consequence of resp. failure

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10
Q

What effects does Hypoxemia have on CNS?

A

Restlessness, agitation, incordination, and coma and death

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11
Q

What are the clinical presentations of resp insufficiency vs. failure?

A

tachycardia, coolness, diaphoresis, pallor-cyanosis, initial increase in BP/HR, failure : hypotension and bradycardia

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12
Q

What is hypercapnea?

A

increased level of CO2 in blood. It is a direct vasodilator ( cerebral vessels > headache, flushed skin, and conjunctiva - hyperemia)

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13
Q

What does acidosis mean?

A

pH low, too much H+ ion. Resp: CO2 elevated. Metabolic: HCO3 decreased

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14
Q

What is the normal arterial pH?

A

7.35-7.45

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15
Q

What is the normal value of arterial PaCO2?

A

35-45 mm Hg

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16
Q

What is the normal value of arterial Bicarb (HCO2-)

A

22-26 mEq/L ( mmol/L)

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17
Q

What does alkalosis mean?

A

pH high, low level of H+ ion in blood, Resp: low, Metabolic: high

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18
Q

What are the manifestations of metabolic acidosis?

A

Causes HYPERKALEMIA. Drowsiness, confusion, coma, decrease Bp, dysrhythmia (K+), dilations, NVD, and pain, increased resp. (comp).

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19
Q

What are the manifestations of metabolic alkalosis?

A

HYPOKALEMIA, dizziness, irritability, nervous, confusion, Increase HR, NV, anorexia, tetany, tremor, paresthesia, seizures, decreased resp. (comp)

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20
Q

What is complete compensation?

A

both CO2 and HCO3 are abnormal in the same direction and pH is within normal range

21
Q

What is partial compensation?

A

Both CO2 & HCO3 are abnormal in the same direction, and pH is still outside the normal range

23
Q

What is combined Acidosis?

A

CO2 is high and HCO3 is low

24
Q

What is combined Alkalosis?

A

CO2 is low and HCO3 is high

25
Q

What are the 6 steps in diagnosis of metabolic vs. resp. acidosis or alkalosis?

A

Evaluate pH, analyze PaCO2, analyze HCo3, determine if balanced or unbalanced, determine if CO2 or HCO3 matches the alteration, and decide if the body is attempting to compensate

26
Q

What are the values of resp. failure?

A

PaO2 less than or equal to 50 mmHg (hypoxemia) or PaCO2 greater than or equal to 50 mmHg with pH less than or equal to 7.25

27
Q

What causes respiratory failure?

A

pneumonia, COPD, atelectasis, CHF, sepsis, drugs, neuro disorders

28
Q

What is the treatment of resp. failure?

A

O2 and ventilator support

29
Q

What is hemoptysis?

A

coughing up blood

30
Q

What is clubbing a sign of?

A

chronic resp. disease

31
Q

What is paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea?

A

awakening from deep sleep with severe shortness of breath

32
Q

What is orthopnea?

A

unable to lie flat because of breathing

33
Q

What is obstructive lung disease?

A

difficulty exhaling, decreased FEV1 and FEV1/FVC, increase in breathing, use of accessory muscles of exhalation, and intrapulmonary problem

34
Q

What is restrictive lung disease?

A

difficulty inhaling, decreased FVC? Caused by stiff lung (fibrosis), neuro, muscular, skeletal, normal ventilation during sleep

35
Q

What is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease?

A

obstruct pathway of normal alveolar ventilation either by spasm of the airways, mucus secretions, or changes in airway and/or alveoli

36
Q

COPD is a comb of what 3 diseases?

A

chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma

37
Q

What is chronic bronchitis?

A

bronchial inflammation with hypertrophy and hypersecretion of bronchial mucous glands

38
Q

What causes chronic bronchitis?

A

inhalation of chemical or physical irritants, such as tobacco smoke, smog, viral or bact. Infections

39
Q

How is chronic bronchitis dx?

A

productive cough for 3 months of each year for 2 consecutive years

40
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of chronic bronchitis?

A

productive cough, increased work of breathing, dyspnea

41
Q

What is pts. With chronic bronchitis called?

A

blue bloater

42
Q

What is emphysema?

A

nonreversible obstructive disease characterized by the destruction of alveolar walls and connective tissue. Terminal airways collapse during expiration. Secretions are retained.

43
Q

What are the causes of Emphysema?

A

inhalation of irritants (tobacco smoke) and genetic (rare)

44
Q

What are the s/s of emphysema?

A

dyspnea, barrel chest, non-productive cough

45
Q

What are pts. With emphysema called?

A

pink puffers

46
Q

What is barrel chest?

A

A & P diameter is equal to transverse diameter

47
Q

How do you treat emphysema?

A

improve ventilation (bronchodilators & breathing exercises), Promote secretion removal (hydration & humidification), and prevent complications

48
Q

What is asthma?

A

intermittent airway obstruction d/t bronchospasm and increase mucous secretions. Hyper-responsiveness of airways after exposure to irritating stimuli (exercise, change in temp., emotional stress, animal dander, fumes)

49
Q

What are the s/s of asthma?

A

wheezing, cough, hyperventilate, dyspnea, and anxiety

Patho quiz 5 (2 decks)

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