Patho Phys Flashcards
Exam 1
What are the basic drug categories in which drugs are classified?
- Anti-inflammatory agents
- Narcotic analgesics
- Local anesthetics
- Antibiotics
- Antivirals
- Antifungals
- Bronchodilators
- Antihistamines
- Decongestants
- Antidiabetic agents
- Biologics
- Supplements
What is the purpose of inflammation?
To limit the extent of tissue injury and facilitate healing.
What are the signs of inflammation?
- Redness
- Heat
- Swelling
- Pain
- Loss of function
What are the two classifications of anti-inflammatory agents?
- Steroidal anti-inflammatory agents
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs)
What are the side effects of corticosteroids?
- Increased appetite
- Restlessness
- Insomnia
- Fluid retention
- Gastrointestinal upset
- Decreased glucose tolerance
- Osteoporosis
How do NSAIDs exert their pharmacological effects?
Through the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.
Fill in the blank: Narcotic analgesics affect pain by stimulating the _______.
[opiate receptors]
What are the side effects of narcotic analgesics?
- Constipation
- Physical dependence
- Sedation
- Drowsiness
- Dry mouth
- Nausea
- Respiratory depression
What is the mechanism of action for local anesthetics?
They block nerve conduction by decreasing the permeability of the nerve cell membrane to sodium ions.
What are common side effects of antibiotics?
- Gastrointestinal disturbances
- Allergic reactions
- Photosensitivity
What are the primary mechanisms of action for antibiotics?
- Disruption of cell wall (bactericidal)
- Disruption of cytoplasmic metabolism
- Disruption of DNA replication
- Disruption of protein synthesis (bacteriostatic)
What are some common antivirals?
- Acyclovir
- Valacyclovir
What are the side effects of antifungals?
- Headache
- Fatigue
- Gastrointestinal disturbances
- Rash
What do bronchodilators do?
They stimulate the β-adrenergic receptors to cause a widening of the airways.
What are the side effects of bronchodilators?
- Tremor
- Nervousness
- Dizziness
- Tachycardia
What are the two groups of antihistamines?
- First-generation (sedating)
- Second-generation (nonsedating)
What is the function of decongestants?
To stimulate α-adrenergic receptors, causing vasoconstriction in the nasal mucosa.
What are the categories of laxatives used to treat constipation?
- Stool softeners
- Bulk-forming laxatives
- Osmotic laxatives
- Stimulant laxatives
What is the primary treatment for type 1 diabetes mellitus?
Insulin as the primary source of glucose control.
What are biologics?
Medications developed from blood, proteins, viruses, or living organisms.
True or False: The fitness supplement industry is heavily regulated by U.S. federal agencies.
False
List the common side effects associated with corticosteroids when administered intranasally.
- Nasal irritation
- Pharyngeal irritation
- Dryness
What is a significant risk associated with long-term NSAID therapy?
Renal impairment if the patient becomes dehydrated.
What is the role of sulfonylureas in diabetes management?
They are hypoglycemic agents that stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells.
Fill in the blank: Antibiotic resistance can be caused by _______ courses of antibiotic therapy.
[incomplete]
