Patho-Pharm midterm 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the food and drug act
A
where all definitions come from, protects consumers from contaminated altered and unsafe drugs that are not yet approved
2
Q
Controlled drug and substance drug act
A
Regulates possession, sales, and manufacture of certain drugs.
3
Q
Are there refills on narcotics
A
No
4
Q
New drug development
A
The pre-testing, clinical investigational drug studies there are 4 phases
5
Q
Phase 1 - safety
A
done on healthy people, evaluate pharmacokinetics
6
Q
Phase 2
A
Used on a limited scope only those with problems
7
Q
Phase 3 - long term impacts
A
done on large groups of 10 thousand, and see what happens. Keep record for 25 years
8
Q
Phase 4 - post-marketing studies
A
ways to get doctors to prescribe stuff, samples etc.
9
Q
Special accesses program
A
If you have a drug people want but have not gone through the phases of the trial yet. But they are dying.
10
Q
Limited access program
A
someone with cancer saw a trial work somewhere else, but it can’t be prescribed yet.
Provides access to drugs not yet approved, limited to serious or life-threatening illnesses.
11
Q
Euphoria
A
state of intense happiness, excitement, or well-being
12
Q
Analgesia
A
refers to the inability to feel pain or a reduction in pain sensation.
13
Q
what do Narcotic do
A
Substances binding to opiate receptors in CNS and ANS.
14
Q
what are narcotics
A
morphine, heroin, codeine (natural substances)
15
Q
Narcotic intoxication
A
Euphoria
Poor comprehension, memory disturbances
Drowsiness
MIOSIS/CONTRACTIONS OF PUPILS
16
Q
Narcotic overdose
A
- Loss of consciousness
- Decrease recuperate
- Decrease heart rate and bp
- Shock
- GI atony
- NARCAN
17
Q
What do you treat a narcotic withdrawal
A
benzos
18
Q
Narcotic withdrawals
A
occurs 8-12 hours after, with a peak of 48-72 hours. Often have diarrhea, runny nose, tremors
19
Q
Morphine
A
best choice for chest pain
20
Q
true or false morphine causes nausea
A
true
21
Q
MONA
A
M- morphine decreases the workload of the heart
O- oxygen, increase O2 to the heart
N- Nitroglycerin, opens up the vessels
A- Aspirin , prevents clots
22
Q
what drugs are opium
A
morphine and codeine
23
Q
opium is
A
a congeners, very quick tolerance develops
24
Q
Semi-synthetic
A
Heroine
25
Heroine
is a special version of morphine, no practical use, all you get is high. There is pain relief but that’s it.
26
Synthetic
Meperidine
Dilaudid
Percodan
Percocet's
27
Meperidine
off the market
28
Dilaudid
super CLEAN, no reaction with other medications (severe pain)
29
Percodan and Percocet
oxycodone family, not viable IV, or sub-Q. (well tolerated, gives a high)
Percocet is oxycodone with acetaminophen
30
LSD
hard to figure out, no dose, only withdrawals (no predictability)
31
Hallucinogens
CNS stimulant and depressant, no dependency.
32
Hallucinogen Intoxication
euphoria
perceptual alterations
hyper suggestibility
pupils dilate
Tremors
33
Hallucinogens overdose response
Anxiety
Panic
Hypervigilance
Paranoid delusions
34
Psilocybin Mushrooms
Euphoria
Easily distracted
Inc T, P, BP
Involve limb movement
Hallucinations
35
Stimulants causes
causes weight loss, heart disease, appetite decrease
36
Stimulants
Cocaine
amphetamine
Caffeine
Dextroamphetamine
Methamphetamine
Methylphenidate
37
Cocaine
stops blood flow, (vasoconstriction), huge cardiac effects, coke, flake, rock, snow. From the coca plant
38
Amphetamines
(end in DREM) insanely addictive): black beauties, white crosses
39
Dextroamphetamine
dixies
40
Methamphetamines
crank, crystal meth, glass, ice, speed (SO BADLY Addictive and hallucinations)
41
Methylphenidate
Adderall, Ritalin
42
Ritalin
Ritalin, used for the treatment of hyperactivity in children, helps focus attention and filter out extra stimulants, stimulants enhance the reticular activating system.
43
Stimulant intoxication
Euphoria, Inc energy and alertness, Confidence, Impaired decision-making, Paranoid psychotic reaction, violent behavior
44
Stimulant withdrawal
depressed mood, prolonged sleep, irritability
45
Nicotine
Increased HR and BP. Constricts peripheral blood vessels and lowers the oxygen-carrying capacity
46
Side effects of nicotine
coronary artery disease, bronchospasm, and constriction, paralysis of cilia, thickening of mucous, COPD
47
withdrawal of nicotine
Severely depressed mood, Prolonged sleep, Apathy, Irritability, Disorientation
48
Alcohol intoxication
Intoxication affects judgment, motor activity, and sedation. Metabolism by alcohol dehydrogenase; affects the liver leading to fatty liver, hepatitis, and cirrhosis.
49
Alcohol withdrawal
minor tremors to seizures and delirium tremens, confusion
50
Alcohol in the brain
Cerebrum: judgment, inhibitions, reasoning
51
Alcohol equivalency
Beer – 5% * 10oz * Spirits – 40% * 1.5oz * Wine – 8-14% * 4oz
52
excretion of alcohol
Excretion of alcohol: (can not be used in court if done by a nurse)
Urine, exhalation, sweat.
53
medications for alcohol withdrawal
lorazepam or benzo
54
Wernicke-Korsakoff’s syndrome
is a neurological disorder that results from severe deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1), typically due to chronic alcohol abuse, although it can also occur in other conditions where there's malnutrition or difficulty absorbing nutrients. (short term) (memory impairment)
55
Marijuana
Contains THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol), alters perceptions, constitute, appetite tolerance, psychological dependance
56
Marijuana withdrawals
irritability and sleeplessness
57
Historical uses for marijuana
Convulsions, Chronic cough, Sleeplessness, GI disorders, Gonorrhea, Pain
58
marijuana legal consideration
Glaucoma: reduces intraocular pressure
Nausea and Vomiting
Asthma: a bronchodilator (terrible) Appetite stimulant
Muscle relaxant: related to paralysis (a little bit)
59
amotivational syndrome
it refers to a psychological condition characterized by a lack of motivation, particularly in goal-directed behavior and activities. It's often associated with long-term and heavy cannabis (marijuana) use.
60
Psychotherapeutic
Used in the treatment of emotional and mental disorders like depression or anxiety to constant emotional distress.
Used When emotions affect an individual’s ability to carry out normal daily functions
Used in small, dispensed amounts to reduce suicide attempts
61
Anxiolytic drugs
Benzodiazepines, SSRI, SNRI, Beta-blockers
62
Antipsychotic drugs
typical antipsychotics first generation, atypical antipsychotics second generation
62
Mood-stabilizing drugs
lithium, anticonvulsants, atypical antipsychotics
62
Antidepressant drugs
SSRI, SNRI, tricyclic antidepressants, MAIOS, atypical antidepressants
63
Anxiety
Diagnosis psych with DSM
An unpleasant state of mind characterized by a sense of dread and fear, may be based on anticipated experiences or actual past experiences, may be exaggerated responses to imaginary negative situations
64
bipolar
people who are sick, they are in the crazy section. Severe problems. Psychotic disorder
65
Benzodiazepines
Pure sedatives, muscle relaxants, can be used in seizures, very effective, short-term, or long-term. Depress activity in the brainstem.
66
Three types of benzodiazepines
Alprazolam (Xanax)
Diazepam (Valium)
Lorazepam (Ativan)
67
Alprazolam (Xanax)
fast on set, fast come off, for panic attacks, a poor choice for long-term use, addictive and habit forming. (not great for generalized anxiety)
68
Averse effects for Alprazolam (Xanax)
confusion, ataxia, headache. Has poor interactions with alcohol and oral contraceptives
69
diazepam (Valium)
don’t use often, isn’t as good anymore, very effective for seizures, only available in deploy form, (IF A PERSON IS HAVING MUSCLE SPAMS, benzo will get rid of it for short term)
70
Adverse effects for diazepam (Valium)
avoid patients with hepatic dysfunction, those who drink alcohol and oral contraceptives. Often causes headache, confusion, slurred speech
71
Lorazepam (Ativan)
very common, fantastic, helps with sleep, and anxiety, 30 minutes onset, comes off after 6 hours, comes in sublingual form, and comes down faster apparently. Very effective, most first choices for seizures can be given any route. Habit forming. (good for agitation) (people who are palliative used for pain control or slight sedation) (used for alcohol with drawl)
72
Adverse effects of benzodiazepines
Decreased CNS activity, sedation, amnesia
Hypotension
Drowsiness, loss of coordination, dizziness, headaches
Nausea, vomiting, dry mouth, constipation
73
Benzodiazepines overdose
does not exist, flumazenil may be used to reverse the effects of benzodiazepines
74
Benzodiazepines Interactions
Alcohol and CNS depressants can result in additive CNS depression and even death. (THESE ARE THE PEOPLE WHO DIE, sympathetic effect together) (died by combining them)
Interactions are more likely to occur in patients with renal or hepatic compromise.
75
Anxiolytic drugs
Benzos, reduces anxiety by reducing overactivity of the central nervous system
76
True or false you can administer anxiolytic can be administered with MAIOs
false
77
Buspirone
anxiolytic, non-sedating, may cause serotonin syndrome
78
Affective Disorders
(Mood Disorders)
Changes in mood that range from mania (abnormally pronounced emotions) to depression (abnormally reduced emotions)
Some patients may exhibit both mania and depression: bipolar disorder (BPD)
79
Psychosis
(out of touch with reality, can't figure out what’s real and not real)
Severe emotional disorder that impairs the mental function of the affected individual to the point that the individual cannot participate in activities of daily living.
80
Examples of psychosis
Schizophrenia (controlled or uncontrolled) (deploy medications stuff that sticks around)
Depressive and drug-induced psychoses
81
Mood-Stabilizing Drugs
Mood stabilizers are the Lithium used for bipolar, nothing for anything but bipolar, must do drug levels on) (mood stabilizer) (needs therapeutic levels)
82
Mood-stabilizing can be used with
benzos, antipsychotics, antiepileptics, and dopamine receptor anoints
83
Lithium
is a mood-stabilizing drugs,used for bipolar and hypomania.
Frequent drug tests till stable then every three months
Thought to potentiate serotonergic neurotransmission
Narrow therapeutic range
84
what is the drug of choice for the treatment of mania
Lithium
85
Side effects of lithium
Can cause cardiac dysrhythmias, can cause long term hypothyroidism, drowsiness, slurred speech, seizures, ataxia and hypotension
86
Antidepressants is also known as
major depressive disorder
87
true or false falls are prone in older adults taking antidepressants
True, due to postural hypotension
88
Tricyclic antidepressants
Inhibition of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake into nerve endings. It may help regulate the malfunction of neurons, used for neuropathic pain, insomnia, orthostatic hypotension, insomnia, bedwetting, OCD, and anorexia.
89
what have replaced tricyclic antidepressants
SSRI
90
what is amitriptyline (Elavil)
Oldest and most widely used of all the tricyclic antidepressants
Original indication: depression
91
Common adverse effects of amitriptyline (Elavil)
Dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, urinary retention and dysthymias
92
what is amitriptyline (Elavil) used for
Neuropathic pain
Insomnia
Fibromyalgia patients
Childhood bedwetting
OCD
93
Overdose of tricyclic antidepressants
Overdose is lethal 70 to 80% die before reaching the hospital.
CNS and cardiovascular systems are
mainly affected.
Death results from seizures or dysrhythmias. most common
94
MAOIs and Tyramine
can cause life-threatening reactions
Ingestion of foods or drinks with tyramine leads to hypertensive crisis, which may lead to cerebral hemorrhage, stroke, coma, or death
95
Tyramine
foods that contain tyramine. (aged cheese, smoked foods, yeast extracts, red wines, Italian broad beans (fava).
96
MAOIs stand for
monoamine oxidase inhibitions
97
MAOIs
Prevent the breakdown of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine
98
MAOIs are used for
Parkinson's disease, rarely used for depression
99
Second-Generation Antidepressants
Depression, anxiety (will treat one will treat the other)
Is used for obesity, eating disorders, OCD, panic attacks or disorders, social anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, the neurologic disorder myoclonus, and various substance misuse problems such as alcoholism
100
Adverse effects of secondary medications
insomnia (partly caused by reduced rapid eye movement sleep), weight gain increased appetite, and sexual dysfunction
101
what are some symptoms for serotonin syndrome with second-generation antidepressants
delirium
agitation
tachycardia
sweating
myoclonus (muscle spasms) excess muscle spasms
102
SSRI what do they do
an antidepressant that inhibits the reuptake of serotonin in the brain, used to treat depression, anxiety, panic disorders, OCD, and PTSD, less severe side effects, more tolerable, less cost-effective
103
Types of SSRI
fluoxetine (Prozac)
Sertraline (Zoloft)
Paroxetine (Paxil)
104
fluoxetine (Prozac)
the first one, very effective, mainly used now for pediatric, available in liquid form
105
Sertraline (Zoloft)
very popular, earliest SSRI, fairly wide dose, second choice, generally has very low side effects, with very good results
106
Paroxetine (Paxil)
STRONG, crazy strong, if you go on it you don’t come off it, long tapper with custom pills, works very well, nearly last choice, drugs in the family if the drug works in the family it will work for you, give electric shock from getting off it
107
Citalopram (Celexa)
and Escitalopram oxalate (Cipralex)
Are the same SSRI except Celexa lost its pattent and now they use Cipralex
108
Escitalopram oxalate (Cipralex)
SSRIthat is an antidepressnat with low side effcets
109
Miscellaneous
trazodone (Oleptro®)
bupropion (Wellbutrin®)
110
trazodone (Oleptro®)
Elderly patients, used for sleep, rarely for depression by itself, it's too weak and not effective, usually combined
111
bupropion (Wellbutrin®)
an antidepressant that gives you energy, and gives you a boost, only one that doesn’t give you erectile dysfunction.
112
SNIR
anti-depressant medicine, which acts on neurotransmitters of the brain that affect the person's mood, inhibits serotonin and norepinephrine. Treats major depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and ADHD, less tolerant, more cost-effective.
113
Types of SNIR
Bupropion hydrochloride
end in INE
114
Bupropion hydrochloride: Wellbutrin, Zyban
Originally indicated for the treatment of depression, can help in smoking cessation, added as an adjunct antidepressant for patients experiencing sexual adverse effects secondary to SSRI
115
Fluoxetine
prototypical SSRI, used in depression, bulimia, OCD, panic disorders, contraindicated in MAOIs, causes dizziness and anxiety, insomnia
116
Duloxetine hydrochloride Cymbalta
SNIR that is an antidepressant
117
Mirtazapine Remeron
It treats major depressive disorder. Piles on weight like crazy, causes dry mouth, constipation, and increased appetite
118
Antipsychotics
Dopamine levels in the CNS are decreased.
Extreme mania, if already manic, not used for physios used for agitation, mood stabilizers, mood controlling
Drugs used to treat serious mental illness
Drug-induced psychoses, schizophrenia, and autism
119
what medication has a tranquilizing effect in psychotic patients
Antipsychotics
120
Schizophrenia
hallucinations are auditory the voice, out of control
121
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia
hallucinations, delusions, and conceptual disorganization
122
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia
social withdrawal, blunted affect, poverty of speech, catatonia, sitting there won't move
123
Best medication to treat positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Atypical antipsychotics
124
Antipsychotic Drugs
treat psychosis and other conditions that affect your brain
125
What drug can cause agranulocytosis (cant make white blood cells)
Antipsychotic Drugs
126
Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS)
Involuntary and uncontrollable movement disorders caused by certain drugs, especially anti-psychotic drugs
127
Tardive dyskinesia
non stop chewing motion
128
trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride (Kynesia)
treat symptoms of Parkinson disease and uncontrol muscle movements
129
Choreoathetosis
(wavelike movements of extremities)
Occurs with continuous long-term antipsychotic therapy
130
Haloperidol
(settle down anyone, orally, IM) (can lower BP)
used for long-term treatment of psychosis
Useful in treating patients with schizophrenia who were nonadherent to their drug regimen
131
Atypical Antipsychotics
clozapine (Clozaril)
risperidone (Risperdal)
olanzapine (Zyprexa)
quetiapine (Seroquel)
aripiprazole (Abilify)
132
clozapine (Clozaril)
is sick, only the sickest go on, There huge side effects, big weight gain, regular blood tests, psychotic monitoring, and close monitoring. Blocks dopamine receptors in the mesolimbic region of the brain. No EPS. Adverse effects- blood dyscrasias.
133
risperidone (Risperdal)
is atypical in the elderly for sundowning, long-term side effects, negative symptoms of schizophrenia, minimal EPS at a therapeutic dose, oral and injectable
134
olanzapine (Zyprex)
atypical in the elderly for sundowning
135
quetiapine (Seroquel)
atypical antipsychotic medication that treats schizophrenia, bipolar disorder
resistant depression
136
aripiprazole (Abilify)
adjacent used with antidepressants, used for adjunct treatment resistance depression) (Massive doses for psychosis
137
The anti-infective drugs
Drugs that are designed to act selectively on foreign organisms that have invaded and infected the body.
138
True or false humans have a cell wall
False
139
True or false anti-infective have a cell wall
True
140
Narrow spectrum anti-infectives
affect only a few bacterial types. The early penicillin drugs are examples.
141
Broad spectrum anti-infectives
affect many bacteria. Meropenem is an example.
142
Bacteriostatic
keep the bacteria in status (doesn’t fully kill it),
example tetracyclin
143
Bactericidal
Kills the bacteria
144
Gram-positive is
Blue stain, has a massive cell wall, is on the outside of the body
145
Gram negative is
Pink stain, slimy thin cell wall, is found on the inside of the body
146
Narrow spectrum penicillin's
Penicillin G- IV form
Penicillin V- Oral form
147
Penicillin G is what form
IV form
148
Penicillin V is what form
Oral form
149
Broad spectrum penicillin's (aminopenicillins)
Amoxicillin- Oral form
Ampicillin- IV form
150
Amoxicillin is what form
Oral form
151
Ampicillin is what form
IV form
152
Penicillinase-resistant Penicillin (anti-staphylococcal penicillin)
Cloxacillin- Skin infections
153
Extended-spectrum penicillin (Anti-pseudomonal penicillin)
Piperacillin- Advanced infections
154
Beta-lactamase inhibitors
Clavulanic acid- Enhances the range of amoxicillin.
155
Penicillin
bactericidal
We won't get any side effects because we don’t have a cell wall, even with a large dose
156
The group of penicillin is called
beta-lactam antibiotics.
157
Side effects of penicillin
GI tract issues like nausea, vomiting diarrhea, and abdominal pain.
Amoxicillin is well absorbed in GIT. This is NOT affected by food intake!!
158
side effects when stopping penicillin
Rash (allergic reaction) could be developed 72 hours after stop taking penicillin
159
Penicillin
is mostly used for streptococcal, syphilis, tetanus.
160
signs and symptoms related to the drug administration for antibiotics
Provide small frequent meals, frequent mouth care, ice chips, or sugarless candy to suck if stomatitis and sore mouth occurs.
Advise to report difficulty of breathing, severe diarrhea, dizziness, weakness, and vaginal itching.
161
The drug of choice for UTI
amoxicillin also good for pregant women
162
The Cephalosporins
As you move higher in a generation you get better gram-negative coverage, but you lose gram-positive coverage
bactericidal
(based on coverage)
The cephalosporins also belong to the beta-lactam group of antibiotics.
163
First Generation cephalosporin
Have the same coverage as penicillin.
164
Second generation cephalosporin
Adding effectiveness against Neisseria, and Haemophilus, less effective towards gram-positive
165
Third Generation cephalosporin
All of the gram-negative (includes Serratia marcescens.)
166
First-generation cephalosporins medications
Cefazolin- IV form (answer the first generation of cephalosporins) (given before operation)
Cephalexin- Oral form
167
Cefazolin
IV form
168
Cephalexin
Oral form
169
Second Generation cephalosporins medication
Cefprozil- Oral form (same as amoxicillin but only required twice a day)
Cefuroxime- IV form
170
Cefprozil
Oral form
171
Cefuroxime
IV form
172
Third Generation Cephalosporins medications
Ceftriaxone- IV form
Cefixime- Oral form (often never needed)
173
Ceftriaxone
IV form
174
Cefixime
Oral form
175
True or false patients with known allergies to cephalosporins and penicillin will have a reaction
true
176
The Aminoglycosides medications
Gentamycin- IV
Tobramycin- Eye drops (absorbed well)
Amikacin- IV
177
True or false there is no oral form of aminoglycoside
true
178
Aminoglycosides
Bactericidal
Gram-negative ONLY
179
Adverse effects of Aminoglycoside
Auto-toxic (hearing)
nephron toxic (renal)
180
The Macrolides
Azithromycin
Clarithromycin
Erythromycin
181
Azithromycin
Used for STDs (treats chlamydia)
Respiratory
182
Clarithromycin
Strongest of macrolides
Extensive uses including skin and resp.
183
Erythromycin
terrible stomach side effects, oral sensitivity, long half-life so there is more resistance
usedfor different infections
184
Mechanism of action of macrolides
medication is destroyed by gastric juices, but food does not interfere
185
Macrolides are used
Streptococcal infection, Mycoplasma infection
186
Watch out for macrolides
often has problems with the liver, also can impact the fetus
187
The Tetracyclines long acting
Doxycycline (need till you grow out of it)
minocycline
188
Adverse effects of tetracycline
effects the skin, teeth and bones. Also has a lot of sun sensitivity
189
True or false Oral contraceptives- if taken with tetracycline, will have decreased effectiveness.
True
190
The Fluoroquinolones medications
Ciprofloxacin
Levofloxacin
Moxifloxacin
191
Ciprofloxacin
gram-negative
oral treatment for pneumonia
192
Levofloxacin
Respiratory
193
Moxifloxacin
strongest and best used for UTI
194
Mechanism of action for fluoroquinolones
is bacteriastactic
195
True or false do not give fluoroquinolones to people 18 years or younger
true
196
Adverse effects of fluoroquinolone
Plastic anemia, affects red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
197
Sulfonamides
Used mostly for urinary tract infections and skin infections
198
Vancomycin
oral and IV
Oral is only used for C-diff
IV only works towards gram-positive and MRSA
199
The anti-tubercular
take all four at once
cause liver problems
treat mycobacterium tuberculosis
200
mycobacterium tuberculosis (4 medications)
Isoniazid
Rifampicin
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol
201
Antifungals
(The “AZOLES”)
Ketoconazole
Clotrimazole
Miconazole
IV: AMPHOTERICIN
202
Antivirals
(The Vir)broad specturm that treats agints viruses
203
AIDS anti-viral
Zidovudine (AZT) (strictly against HIV)
204
What is the main treatment for benzodiazepine overdose
nothing
205
What benzodiazepine is used for MRI scanner or panic attacks
Xanax
206
What is lithium used for
Bipolar disorder
207
Tricyclic anti-depressants aren't used anymore give 2 reasons why
more side effects
high overdose
208
Which SSRI was developed and still used in kids
Prozac
209
What is the life-threatening complications of narcotic overdose
Respiratory depression
210
What is a life-threatening complication of cocaine overdose
Heart attack
Cocaine is used for vasoconstriction
211
What is a life-threatening complication of alcohol withdrawal
Seizures
212
what is cancer
uncontrolled cell growth
213
Benign
non cancerous, dont spread to other tumours
214
Malignant
Cancerous, invade tissues and spread
215
Carcinoma
covers external and internal organs and glands
216
Sarcoma
always bad, starts in supporting tissue of the body, bone cartilage, fat
217
Lymphoma
Lymph node
218
Leukemia
blood
219
Adeno
gland
220
Chondro
cartilage
221
Eythra
red blood cells
222
Hengioma
blood vessels
223
Hepato
liver
224
lipo
fat
225
Lympho
lymph nodes
226
Melano
pigment
227
Mylo
bone marrow
228
myo
muscle
229
osteo
bone
230
Cancer centers only treat you if you have what
a tissue diagnosis
231
Lead time bias
Only sometimes finding cancer early helps (it doesn’t change when you die)
232
Cervical cancer screening
Pap smear
233
breast cancer screening
ultrasound first and then a mammogram for screening
234
Prostate cancer screening
DRE,digitl rectal exam
235
Colorectal cancer screening
colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy, FIT test
236
Lung cancer screening
low intensity CT scan
237
Core Biopsy
take some of it
238
incisional biopsy
take the whole thing
239
TNM
(tumor node metastases) T= number of tumors, N= lymph nodes M= metastasis (spread)
240
stage one of cancer
only in the tissue its supposed to be in
241
stage four of cancer
Spread to distant tissue and organs
242
Surgery in cancer does what
only done for a cure, or debulking
243
what is debulking
making a person more comfortable, they will still have the cancer in them
244
Radiation
burns everything, just happens to also kill the bad stuff (skin changes, swelling, feel sick)
245
Chemotherapy
Nausea and vomiting, hair loss, mouth sores, pain (every cell gets chemo, to kill the cancer)
246
Neo-adjuvant
chemo, radiation, or hormone to shrink a tumor
247
Adjuvant
hemo, chemo, radiation, targeted, biological
248
target therapy
medications that can very specifically kill some cancers
249
Aggressive hormone therapy
is used in breast cancer and prostate cancer (the more hormones the better ie, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone)
250
Breast cancer cells
granular tissue, (ductal or lobular) (also skin ones involved)
251
How often is breast cancer screening
every two years
252
what test do you do first for breast cancer
ultrasound
252
Lung cancer
small cell and non-small cell
252
symptoms of lung cancer
cough, shortness breath, weight loss, chest pain
253
what is a PET scan used for
to see if cancer has metastasized anywhere
254
what is a bronchoscopy
scrape the wall to take a sample
255
Colon Cancer cells
adenocarcinoma
256
Risk factors for colon cancer
IBD, low fiber diet
257
symptoms of colon cancer
blood in stool, anemia
258
treatment of colon cancer
primary anastomosis, joining the two cancer- free parts together
259
screening for prostate cancer
rectal exam and PSA testing (prostate specific antigen)
260
Influenzas (flu vaccine)
routine vaccine
Inactive vaccine
annually single dose
40-60% success rate
rare side effects: hoarseness wheezing, tachycardia
261
Measeles, mumps, rubella
routine vaccine
Live attenuated vaccine
two dose - subcutaneous
Could cause seizures
does not cause autism
262
Inactivated polio vaccine
routine vaccine
prevents all three types of polio
95% coverage after all three doses
polio is defines as a paralytic disease
263
Hepatitis B vaccine
routine vaccine
three doses, first right after birth
might be eradicated by 2030
264
Singles (herps zoster)
non routine
non live recombinant
two dose to those 50 and older with a hx of chicken pox
265
Tuberculosis vaccine
not routine
live attenuated
single doses soon after birth
51% tb and 78% in new borns
1/4 of the world gets infected with tb
266
yellow fever
not routine
live attenuated
single dose usually 9 months and older
99% effective
vaccine has been avalible for more than 80 years
267
mRNA covid-19
covid was developed in less than a year
268
smallpox
live attenuated vaccine
since 1972 has no longer been administered
269
Hepatitis A vaccine
non routine
inactivated vaccine
usually two doses
For gay men, travelers, drug users
first vaccine was given in 1996 in the us
270
Typhoid Vaccine
Live attenuated
protects you from typhoid fever and salmonella
oral and injectable
50% effective
10% of those get it per year
271
diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis
routine vaccine
combination toxoid
tetanus (lock jaw) pertussis (whopping chough
5 doses
Some cases of Guillain Barre syndrome have been reported following this vaccine
272
Meningococcal vaccine
non routine
Inactivated
This vaccine only helps protect against bacterial meningitis not viral
273
Respiratory syncytial
non routine
recombinant
lower respiratory disease
single dose
274
Tetanus and diphtheria
inactivated vaccine
every 10 years should be renewed
Diphtheria can be transmitted through human contact. Tetanus can not be.
Tetanus is a bacteria that lives in soil and feces
275
Varicella vaccine
non routine
live attenuated
2 doses
276
Human Papillion vaccine
non routine
live attenuated
genital warts
this vaccine will replace pap smears
277
Covid-19
protein subunit
278
Haemophilus influenza vaccine
routine vaccine
polysaccharide conjugate
protect you from influenza type b and meningitis
279
Dukoral cholera vaccine
non routine
live attenuated
orally
patients can only drink water an hour after receiving the vaccine
280
Rotavius vaccine
non routine
live attenuated
orally
risk of a bowel blockage (intussusception)
281
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine
routine vaccine
Conjugate
spreads via droplet contact
282
rabies vaccine
non routine
inactivated
the signs of rabies can take 2 weeks to a year to appear (usually 2-8 weeks)
Highly affected before symptoms appear
After symptoms appear it is too late for treatment
283
Japanese encephalitis
non routine
inactivated
2 doses
