Patho EXAM Flashcards
A patient has bitemporal hemianopsia where the left eye cannot see the left hemifield and the right eye cannot see the right hemifield. Where is the lesion located?
optic chiasm
A patient has lost crude touch perception of the foot. Where is the lesion most likely located?
spinothalamic pathway
Which of the following symptoms would you expect to see in a patient who suffered a stroke of the motor cortex 3 months ago?
A. fibrillations B. bradykinesia C. Resting tremor D. spacticity E. intension tremor
D. sapcticity
raitionale:
spacticity {!motor cortex damage!}
intension tremor {!cerebellar disease!}
fibrillations {!denervation of skeletal muscle!}
bradykinesia {!Parkinson's disease!}
resting tremor {!Parkinson's disease!}
What does a diagnosis of visual agnosia mean?
inability to interpret what you see {!Intact primary visual cortex allows patient to see object but damaged association visual cortex cannot identify object.!}
A patient constantly faints as he rises quickly out of bed. Which system is most likely affected?
A. sensory system B. motor system C. limbic system D. reticular activating system E. autonomic nervous system
E. autonomic nervous system
- The patient has orthostatic hypotension as he rises because the autonomic nervous system doesn’t properly increase blood pressure to perfuse the brain.
How are dermatomes used clinically?
can be used to identify site of dorsal root damage
- Dermatomes are a map of the body areas sending sensory fibers through the dorsal roots.
How do antidepressants work?
they prevent removal of neurotransmitter in synaptic cleft in order to compensate for biogenic amine deficit
A patient has partial loss of proprioception and touch sensation in the lower left leg but the stretch reflex (also called deep tendon reflex) and muscle strength are functional. Which one of the following sites is the most likely location of the partial lesion?
A. right somatosensory cortex B. right lower motoneurons C. left dorsal root D. right dorsal root E. left somatosensory cortex
A. right somatosensory cortex
- this would affect left side sensory!
patient has lost sensation in his right foot. What is the most direct cause of his symptom?
an abnormal decrease in neuron activity
-This would reduce sensory transmission for perception. The decreased neuron activity could be secondary to compression from edema, poor blood circulation, or other factors.
A patient’s major problem is that he can not properly repeat spoken words. His speech is fluid and he understands spoken words very well. Which cortical area is most likely damaged?
conduction pathway between Wernicke’s area and Broca’s area
A patient has difficulty finding his way home after leaving for a walk even though he has lived in the same area for 30 years. Which cortical area is most likely damaged?
right parietal cortex
- Contains a spatial map of body in relation to surroundings!
A patient has problems with memory consolidation. What does this mean?
he can not convert short-term memory into long-term memory
A patient treated with neuroleptics for schizophrenia could develop what secondary symptoms?
symptoms of Parkinson’s disease
- Neuroleptics include dopamine receptor antagonists which can reduce dopamine effects to the point of causing symptoms of Parkinson’s disease
Which finding regarding symptoms is consistent with dementia?
A. Abrupt onset
B. Worsening at night
C. Progressive deterioration
D. Disturbed consciousness
C. Progressive deterioration
Which is the principal neurotransmitter involved in Parkinson disease?
dopamine
Which is a risk factor for cerebral palsy?
prenatal infection
An infant is born with a protrusion of a saclike structure in the lower portion of his back. What best describes this condition?
Spina bifida cystic
- Spina bifida cystica is the condition in which there is an external protrusion of the saclike structure.
Which statement is true regarding amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?
A. Early symptoms include speech abnormalities and respiratory failure.
B. Most patients lose their sensory and cognitive functions.
C. Most patients die within 1 year from cardiac failure.
D. The hands or upper extremities are affected first.
D. The hands or upper extremities are affected first.
- The earliest symptoms include muscle twitching, cramping, and stiffness. The hands or upper extremities are affected first. The weakness is progressive and eventually affects the muscles that control speech, swallowing, and breathing. These symptoms occur later in the progression of this disease. Despite the marked physical disability, most patients maintain their sensory and cognitive functions. Most people die from respiratory failure within 3 to 5 years from the onset of symptoms.
Which finding is consistent with Guillain-Barré syndrome?
A. There is progressive descending paralysis.
B. The symptoms usually begin in the arms and face.
C. Sensory nerves are affected more than motor nerves.
D. Patients often experience paresthesia or dysesthesia.
D. Patients often experience paresthesia or dysesthesia.
Characteristics of a petit mal seizure include which of the following?
A. Rigid muscles B. Tongue biting C. Bladder incontinence D. Cessation of speaking E. Brief periods of staring
D. Cessation of speaking
E. Brief periods of staring
Which is a pathophysiologic change that is consistent with Alzheimer disease?
A. Amyloid plaques B. Epileptogenic focus C. Focal cerebral infarct D. Neurofibrillary tangles E. Abnormal serotonin system
A. Amyloid plaques
D. Neurofibrillary tangles
What are the early signs of Parkinson disease?
A. Drooling B. Small writing C. Monotone speech D. Minimal blinking E. Loss of facial expression
D. Minimal blinking
E. Loss of facial expression
Which statement is true regarding multiple sclerosis (MS)?
A. Genetics may play a role in MS.
B. The triggering process for MS is not completely understood.
C. The main pathophysiology is demyelination of the nerves.
D. MS is believed to be a result of a bacterial infection.
E. MS follows a predictable clinical course.
A. Genetics may play a role in MS.
B. The triggering process for MS is not completely understood.
C. The main pathophysiology is demyelination of the nerves.
A patient with a spinal cord injury at T4 diagnosed with autonomic dysreflexia is likely to develop which of the following?
A. Sudden hypertension B. Upper body flushing C. Tachycardia D. Diaphoresis E. Headache
A. Sudden hypertension
B. Upper body flushing
D. Diaphoresis
E. Headache
***Autonomic dysreflexia is characterized by a sudden episode of bradycardia, not tachycardia
Which is an approved treatment for children with thalassemia?
Blood transfusion
Which statement(s) are true regarding plasma proteins?
A. There are three types of plasma proteins.
B. Plasma protein β fraction transports iron.
C. These proteins are formed in the kidneys.
D. Plasma proteins function as regulatory factors.
E. Plasma proteins are responsible regulating blood pressure.
A. There are three types of plasma proteins.
B. Plasma protein β fraction transports iron.
D. Plasma proteins function as regulatory factors.
E. Plasma proteins are responsible regulating blood pressure.
- plasma proteins are formed in the liver
Which statement(s) are true regarding hemoglobin? (Select all that apply.)
A. Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin-carrying oxygen.
B. There are 100 hemoglobin molecules per red blood cell.
C. Hemoglobin makes up 90% of dry weight of the red cell.
D. Hemoglobin is composed of two pairs of polypeptide chains.
E. Polypeptide chains contain iron that makes up a heme molecule.
A. Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin-carrying oxygen.
C. Hemoglobin makes up 90% of dry weight of the red cell.
D. Hemoglobin is composed of two pairs of polypeptide chains.
E. Polypeptide chains contain iron that makes up a heme molecule.
- there are 300 hemoglobin molecules per RBC
What causes a shift of the oxyhemoglobin curve to the left? (Select all that apply.)
A. Increased pH B. Chronic disease C. Decreased H+ ions D. Decreased temperature E. Increased in 2,3-DPG
A. Increased pH
C. Decreased H+ ions
D. Decreased temperature
- The shift of the oxyhemoglobin curve to the right enhances oxygen release to the cell. The shift provides the increase in oxygen delivery that is needed during stress, chronic disease, and exercise. The shift of the curve to the left occurs with a decrease in 2,3-DPG, in some congenital hemoglobinopathies, and with carboxyhemoglobin.
Which statement(s) are true regarding aplastic anemia? (Select all that apply.)
A. It is caused by viral infections.
B. It is characterized by pancytopenia.
C. It can be either acquired or familiar in nature.
D. It is a result of radiant damage to bone marrow stem cells.
E. It is characterized by overproduction of hematopoietic tissue.
A. It is caused by viral infections.
B. It is characterized by pancytopenia.
C. It can be either acquired or familiar in nature.
D. It is a result of radiant damage to bone marrow stem cells.
Which form(s) of anemia will present with macrocytes?
folate deficiency
B12
Hemoglobin desaturates in which states? (Select all that apply.)
A. High PCO2 (hypercapnia) B. Low PCO2 (hypocapnia) C. High pH (alkalosis) D. Low pH (acidosis) E. Dehydration
A. High PCO2 (hypercapnia)
D. Low pH (acidosis)
Signs and symptoms of aplastic anemia include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
A. Fever B. Pallor C. Dyspnea D. Petechiae E. Bradycardia
A. Fever
B. Pallor
C. Dyspnea
D. Petechiae
A skin assessment of the legs of a client diagnosed with chronic venous insufficiency would show which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
A. Reddish pigmented areas
B. Reports of legs “cramping”
C. Edema increasing as the day progresses
D. An ulcer on the ankle of the affected leg
E. Pain that decreases when legs are in the dependent position
A. Reddish pigmented areas
B. Reports of legs “cramping”
C. Edema increasing as the day progresses
D. An ulcer on the ankle of the affected leg
