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Patho > Patho Exam 1 > Flashcards

Patho Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Right side of the heart

A

Inferior and superior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery, lungs

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2
Q

Left side of heart

A

Pulmonary vein, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta

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3
Q

Required products and byproducts of ATP

A

C6H12O2 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

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4
Q

What is the job of insulin in ATP

A

Insulin transports glucose across cell membrane

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5
Q

What happens in anaerobic respirations

A

Build up of lactic acid

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6
Q

What is the clinical relevance of cellular metablobism

A

Look at glucose, O2, and insulin

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7
Q

What are the normal value for sodium and potassium in our bodies

A

Sodium = 135-145
Potassium = 3.5-5

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8
Q

What is the function of the sodium potassium pump

A

Pumps potassium in and sodium out to balance electrolytes
3 NA out
2 K in

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9
Q

What is the function of the calcium pump

A

Pumps calcium out as as build up breaks down the cell

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10
Q

Intracellular accumulations
Abnormal metabolism
Abnormal proteins
Endogenous materials
Exogenous materal

A

Abnormal metabolism = fatty liver disease
Abnormal proteins = Alzheimer’s
Endogenous materials = hyperbilirubinemia
Exogenous material = smokers lungs

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11
Q

Types of atrophy

A

Atrophy = shrinkage
Disuse atrophy = shrinkage of muscle due to not being used
Trophic atrophy = decreased T3 and T4 hormones
Ischemic atrophy = inadequate blood flow

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12
Q

Types of hypertrophy

A

Hypertrophy = growing
Physical stress = ex. Working out
High blood pressure

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13
Q

Types of necrosis

A

Dry (coagulative) = decreased blood flow
Wet (liquefactive) = toxic injury due to lysosomes
Fat = TB
Generalized = Gangrene

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14
Q

2 mechanisms of apoptosis

A

Loss of cellular friends
Activation of fas ligand

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15
Q

2 mechanisms of cellular aging

A

Programmed senescence = shortening of telomeres
Free radicals

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16
Q

CBC Normals
RBC:
WBC:
Platlets:
Hemoglobin:
Hemacrit:
MCV:
MCHC:

A

RBC: 4-5.2
WBC: 4-10
Platlets: 150-400
Hemoglobin: 12-16
Hemacrit: 37-47
MCV: 82-103
MCHC: 30-37

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17
Q

Iron deficiency anemia

A

Microcytic ( MCV is low)
Hypochromic (MCHC is low)
Reticulopenia (RBC is low)

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18
Q

Folate/B12 anemia

A

Macrocytic (MCV is high)
Normochromic (MCHC is normal)
Reticulopenia (low RBC)

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19
Q

Renal failure anemia

A

Normocytic
Normochromic
Reticulopenia

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20
Q

Hemmorage or sickle cell anemia

A

Normocytic
Normochromic
Reticulocytosis

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21
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Platelet count less than 150
Not enough clotting (at risk for bleeding)
Manifests as petechiae (little dots) or Purpura ( rash)

22
Q

Thrombocytocytosis

A

Platelet count over 400
Too much clotting
At risk for blood clots

23
Q

Venous v. arterial embolism

A

Venous embolism: swelling, warm, pain on extremity (travels to lungs)
Arterial: pale, cold, weak pulse on extremity (stuck in body)

24
Q

Increased neutrophils

A

46-78%
Increased may indicate bacterial infection

25
Q

Increased lymphocytes

A

18-52%
Increased may inadequate changes in specific adaptive immunity

26
Q

Increased monocytes

A

3-10%
Increased my indicate inflammation

27
Q

Increased Eosinophils

A

0-6%
Increased may indicate parasite or allergic reaction

28
Q

Increased basophils

A

0-3%
Increased basophils may indicate allergic reaction

29
Q

5 signs of inflammation

A

Redness
Swelling
Heat
Pain
Loss of function

30
Q

Vascular permeability

A

Vasodilation: increases blood flow to site of inflammation
Endothelial cell contraction: permeability allows leukocytes to reach site

31
Q

Types of exudate formations

A

Serous: blister
Sanguineous: blood
Serosanguineous: blood blisters
Fibrinous: moist scab
Purulent: puss

32
Q

Changes in colloidal osmotic pressure

A

Pulling force
Increase: dehydration, draws back into bloodstream
decrease: edema, decreased albumin, liver disease, kidney disease

33
Q

Changes in hydrostatic pressure

A

Pushing force
Increase: changing from lying down to standing up, blockage in the veins, poor cardiac function

34
Q

Hypovolemia vs. hypernatremia

A

Hypovoluemia: fluid volume deficit
Hypernatremia: high concentrated serum sodium

35
Q

Hypervolemia v. hyponatremia

A

Hypervolemia: fluid volume exess
hyponatremia: low serum sodium

36
Q

Signs of hypovolemia

A

Low BP, weight decreased, cold skin, urine output less than 30mL an hour, decreased skin turgor

37
Q

Signs of hypervolemia

A

Weight increases, BP normal, edema, JVD

38
Q

Signs of hypernatremia (dehydration)

A

Thirst, sodium value greater than 145

39
Q

Signs of hyponatremia (over-hydration)

A

Brain swelling, sodium value less than 135

40
Q

Causes of edema

A

Excess fluid volume leading to increased hydrostatic pressure
Low albumin

41
Q

Chloride

A

Linked to sodium

42
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

Potassium value greater than 5
Cramping, cardiac arrest
Resting membrane moves closer to threshold

43
Q

Hypokalemia

A

Potassium value less than 3.5
Weakness, paralysis of skeletal muscles
Resting potential moves further from threshold

44
Q

Calcium

A

Calcium affects threshold (CAT)
8-10 total, 4-5 free

45
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

Excess calcitonin (too much Ca2+ going to bones)
High PO4- (due to renal failure)
Increased reflexes (twitching and tingling)

46
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

Excess parathyroid hormone (too much Ca2+ going to the blood)
Diminished reflexes
Bone breakdown

47
Q

ABG normals

A

PH: 7.35-7.45
PaCO2: 35-45
HCO3: 22-26

48
Q

Acidosis

A

Lower pH
Too much PaCo2 or too little HCO3

49
Q

Alkalosis

A

Higher pH
Too little PaCO2 or too much HCO3

50
Q

Respiratory vs metabolic

A

Respiratory = change in PaCO2
Metabolic = change in HCO3

Patho (1 decks)

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