Patho Exam 1

Question 1

Right side of the heart

Answer 1

Inferior and superior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery, lungs

Question 2

Left side of heart

Answer 2

Pulmonary vein, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta

Question 3

Required products and byproducts of ATP

Answer 3

C6H12O2 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Question 4

What is the job of insulin in ATP

Answer 4

Insulin transports glucose across cell membrane

Question 5

What happens in anaerobic respirations

Answer 5

Build up of lactic acid

Question 6

What is the clinical relevance of cellular metablobism

Answer 6

Look at glucose, O2, and insulin

Question 7

What are the normal value for sodium and potassium in our bodies

Answer 7

Sodium = 135-145
Potassium = 3.5-5

Question 8

What is the function of the sodium potassium pump

Answer 8

Pumps potassium in and sodium out to balance electrolytes
3 NA out
2 K in

Question 9

What is the function of the calcium pump

Answer 9

Pumps calcium out as as build up breaks down the cell

Question 10

Intracellular accumulations
Abnormal metabolism
Abnormal proteins
Endogenous materials
Exogenous materal

Answer 10

Abnormal metabolism = fatty liver disease
Abnormal proteins = Alzheimer’s
Endogenous materials = hyperbilirubinemia
Exogenous material = smokers lungs

Question 11

Types of atrophy

Answer 11

Atrophy = shrinkage
Disuse atrophy = shrinkage of muscle due to not being used
Trophic atrophy = decreased T3 and T4 hormones
Ischemic atrophy = inadequate blood flow

Question 12

Types of hypertrophy

Answer 12

Hypertrophy = growing
Physical stress = ex. Working out
High blood pressure

Question 13

Types of necrosis

Answer 13

Dry (coagulative) = decreased blood flow
Wet (liquefactive) = toxic injury due to lysosomes
Fat = TB
Generalized = Gangrene

Question 14

2 mechanisms of apoptosis

Answer 14

Loss of cellular friends
Activation of fas ligand

Question 15

2 mechanisms of cellular aging

Answer 15

Programmed senescence = shortening of telomeres
Free radicals

Question 16

CBC Normals
RBC:
WBC:
Platlets:
Hemoglobin:
Hemacrit:
MCV:
MCHC:

Answer 16

RBC: 4-5.2
WBC: 4-10
Platlets: 150-400
Hemoglobin: 12-16
Hemacrit: 37-47
MCV: 82-103
MCHC: 30-37

Question 17

Iron deficiency anemia

Answer 17

Microcytic ( MCV is low)
Hypochromic (MCHC is low)
Reticulopenia (RBC is low)

Question 18

Folate/B12 anemia

Answer 18

Macrocytic (MCV is high)
Normochromic (MCHC is normal)
Reticulopenia (low RBC)

Question 19

Renal failure anemia

Answer 19

Normocytic
Normochromic
Reticulopenia

Question 20

Hemmorage or sickle cell anemia

Answer 20

Normocytic
Normochromic
Reticulocytosis

Question 21

Thrombocytopenia

Answer 21

Platelet count less than 150
Not enough clotting (at risk for bleeding)
Manifests as petechiae (little dots) or Purpura ( rash)

Question 22

Thrombocytocytosis

Answer 22

Platelet count over 400
Too much clotting
At risk for blood clots

Question 23

Venous v. arterial embolism

Answer 23

Venous embolism: swelling, warm, pain on extremity (travels to lungs)
Arterial: pale, cold, weak pulse on extremity (stuck in body)

Question 24

Increased neutrophils

Answer 24

46-78%
Increased may indicate bacterial infection

Question 25

Increased lymphocytes

Answer 25

18-52% Increased may inadequate changes in specific adaptive immunity

Question 26

Increased monocytes

Answer 26

3-10% Increased my indicate inflammation

Question 27

Increased Eosinophils

Answer 27

0-6% Increased may indicate parasite or allergic reaction

Question 28

Increased basophils

Answer 28

0-3% Increased basophils may indicate allergic reaction

Question 29

5 signs of inflammation

Answer 29

Redness Swelling Heat Pain Loss of function

Question 30

Vascular permeability

Answer 30

Vasodilation: increases blood flow to site of inflammation Endothelial cell contraction: permeability allows leukocytes to reach site

Question 31

Types of exudate formations

Answer 31

Serous: blister Sanguineous: blood Serosanguineous: blood blisters Fibrinous: moist scab Purulent: puss

Question 32

Changes in colloidal osmotic pressure

Answer 32

Pulling force Increase: dehydration, draws back into bloodstream decrease: edema, decreased albumin, liver disease, kidney disease

Question 33

Changes in hydrostatic pressure

Answer 33

Pushing force Increase: changing from lying down to standing up, blockage in the veins, poor cardiac function

Question 34

Hypovolemia vs. hypernatremia

Answer 34

Hypovoluemia: fluid volume deficit Hypernatremia: high concentrated serum sodium

Question 35

Hypervolemia v. hyponatremia

Answer 35

Hypervolemia: fluid volume exess hyponatremia: low serum sodium

Question 36

Signs of hypovolemia

Answer 36

Low BP, weight decreased, cold skin, urine output less than 30mL an hour, decreased skin turgor

Question 37

Signs of hypervolemia

Answer 37

Weight increases, BP normal, edema, JVD

Question 38

Signs of hypernatremia (dehydration)

Answer 38

Thirst, sodium value greater than 145

Question 39

Signs of hyponatremia (over-hydration)

Answer 39

Brain swelling, sodium value less than 135

Question 40

Causes of edema

Answer 40

Excess fluid volume leading to increased hydrostatic pressure Low albumin

Question 41

Chloride

Answer 41

Linked to sodium

Question 42

Hyperkalemia

Answer 42

Potassium value greater than 5 Cramping, cardiac arrest Resting membrane moves closer to threshold

Question 43

Hypokalemia

Answer 43

Potassium value less than 3.5 Weakness, paralysis of skeletal muscles Resting potential moves further from threshold

Question 44

Calcium

Answer 44

Calcium affects threshold (CAT) 8-10 total, 4-5 free

Question 45

Hypocalcemia

Answer 45

Excess calcitonin (too much Ca2+ going to bones) High PO4- (due to renal failure) Increased reflexes (twitching and tingling)

Question 46

Hypercalcemia

Answer 46

Excess parathyroid hormone (too much Ca2+ going to the blood) Diminished reflexes Bone breakdown

Question 47

ABG normals

Answer 47

PH: 7.35-7.45 PaCO2: 35-45 HCO3: 22-26

Question 48

Acidosis

Answer 48

Lower pH Too much PaCo2 or too little HCO3

Question 49

Alkalosis

Answer 49

Higher pH Too little PaCO2 or too much HCO3

Question 50

Respiratory vs metabolic

Answer 50

Respiratory = change in PaCO2 Metabolic = change in HCO3