Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Patho Exam 1 > Patho Exam 1 > Flashcards

Patho Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

pathophysiology

A

study of functional changes in the body caused by injury, disorder, or disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

idiopathic

A

no known cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

restrictive lung disease

A

ex: too much fluid between the inside and outside; the lung can’t fully expand; anything that is going to decrease air flow. short rapid breathing. tachypnea: rapid shallow breathing (not enough oxygen coming in) saves energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

obstructive lung disease

A

anything that prevents airflow from coming in or out. ex: a tumor in your lung on the outside, or mucus in airways (ex: asthma, chronic bronchitis, cystic fibrosis) dyspnea: difficulty breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

aspiration

A

entry of secretions/ foreign material into trachea and lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

where is the most common place for someone to aspirate?

A

right side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what age group is most likely to asparate?

A

first babies (children under 4), then elderly (older adults), then teenagers (most likely drink alcohol)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

diagnosis and treatment of aspiration

A

removal (laryngoscope or rigid bronchoscope, or a thoracotomy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

clinical manifestations

A

coughing or wheezing, choking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

atelectasis

A

collapsed lung

risk factors: immobility, diminished ventilation, restriction of lung volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

pneumothorax

A

presence of air between visceral and parietal pleura, compressing lung tissue

causes: trauma, complications related to medical procedures, chronic diseases

clinical manifestations:
dyspnea, tachypnea, tachycardia, anxiety, no breath sounds; hyperresonant on percussion

treatment: chest tube inserted into intrapleural space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

tension pneumothorax

A

air can get in, but can’t get out; medical emergency, the trachea will be displaced. It means that pressure is in the chest, causing it to shift one way or the other. The lung will fill up with pressure.
chest x ray: the diaphragm will be lower on the side that has tension pneumothorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

closed pneumothorax

A

intact chest wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

open pneumothorax

A

penetrating chest wound

for ex: hole in the chest, causing the lungs to collapse, for example gunshot wound, stab wound, any kind of impalement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

A

firefighters, 9/11. Progressive; no transplant, they will die, holes in lungs, looks like honeycombs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

whose also at risk for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

A

caucasian males who smoke

treatment: oxygen therapy, lung transplant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

sarcoidosis

A

systemic disease of unknown origin. Noncaseating granulomas of lung, lymph nodes, skin, eyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

who is most common for sarcoidosis?

A

most common in young african american women.

causes: genetic predisposition, exposure to unknown antigen

clinical manifestations: often asymptomatic, cough, dyspnea

treatment: corticosteroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

definitive findings

A

color, breath sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

subjective findings

A

things that are kind of gray, for example a headache– you think a patient has a 8/10 headache but your not really sure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

pulmonary function tests (PTFs)

A

assessment of obstructive lung disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

acute and chronic conditions

A

acute ankle pain: maybe sprained, fell.
chronic ankle pain: for 4 years. arthritis, autoimmune, lupus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

burns

A

direct contact with excessive heat or radiation, caustic chemicals, or electricity.

worst burn is 2nd degree burn

result: acute inflammatory response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the worst type of burn to get?

A

electrical burn is the worst to get

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

inflammation

A

a set of complex changing responses to tissue injury primarily caused by toxic chemicals, some environmental agents, trauma, overuse, or infection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

asthma

A

chronic inflammatory disorder of airways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the most common cause of asthma?

A

allergies; could also be exercise

if a child has asthma, there should be no clutter in their room, clutter brings dust

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

acute inflammation

A

triggered by tissue injury

goals: increase blood flow to site, increase healing cells at site, prepare for tissue repair

local manifestations include heat, incapacitation, pain, edema, redness.

systemic manifestations may include fever and increased circulating leukocytes and plasma proteins

treatment of inflammation: reduce blood flow, decrease swelling, block the action of chemical mediators, decrease pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

chronic inflammation

A

recurrent or persistent inflammation lasting several weeks or longer

monocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes more prominently involved

formation of granulomas and scarring often occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

inflammation examples

A

sinusitis, burns, rheumatoid arthritis, gastritis, pancreatitis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

acute sinusitis

A

blockage of ostia and outflow of mucus due to allergy, viruses, or other irritants; facial pain over sinus regions of face increasing with straining or bending down, fever, nasal congestion, persistent cough, fatigue

treatment: antibiotics, antihistamines, decongestants, nasal sprays

32
Q

chronic sinusitis

A

environmental factors: persistent infection, allergens
genetic factors: metabolic abnormalities, immune deficiencies

nasal congestion, nasal and postnasal discharge, sore throat, foul breath, unpleasant taste, low-grade fever, fatigue, anorexia, chronic cough

diagnostic criteria: physical examination, computer tomography (CT) scan

treatment: glucocorticoids, antibiotics, nasal saline irrigation, surgical

33
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

chronic inflammation of synovial membranes and synovial hyperplasia

clinical manifestations: pain, stiffness, redness, heat, swelling, decreased mobility

diagnostic criteria: no definitive test

treatment: drugs that induce remission, rest, physical therapy exercises, splints, surgery

34
Q

lymphoma

A

lymphomas are derived from WBCs and lymph tissues and form solid organ tumors in the lymph tissue and later in the bone barrow

35
Q

lymphomas are classified as either…

A

hodgkin lymphoma or non- hodgkin lymphoma

36
Q

hodgkin lymphoma

A

painless, progressive enlargement of cervical (neck) lymph nodes
low grade fever, night sweats, pruritus, weight loss, fatigue

diagnostic criteria: presence of reed-sternberg cells

treatment: chemotherapy, radiation, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

37
Q

non- hodgkin lymphoma

A

painless enlargement of lymph nodes.
systemic manifestations may also occur

diagnostic criteria: history and physical examination, lymph node biopsy, chest and abdominal CT scans

treatment: radiation, chemotherapy (aggressive forms)

38
Q

stage 4 cancer

A

chances are not going to live very long

39
Q

carcinogenesis

A

development of cancer; mutated gene, that cell didnt proliferate normally

40
Q

inherited version of carcinogenesis

A

5% of cancers

41
Q

acquired version of carcinogenesis

A

95% of cancers (breathing in chemicals, exposed, radiation)

42
Q

carcinogens examples

A

radiation, hormones, chemicals, tobacco, microbes

43
Q

when that cell becomes abnormal it is…

A

anaplasia: loss of cell differentiation and function

44
Q

benign tumors

A

remain localized, closely resemble tissue of origin

45
Q

malignant tumors

A

invasive and destructive, proliferate (increase in number) rapidly, spread to other sites, do not resemble tissue of origin

46
Q

tumors are classified as TNM’s

A

TX: if you cant evaluate the tumor
T0: if there is no tumor present
TIS: if there is a tumor present

47
Q

leukemia

A

cancer of the blood

48
Q

lymphoma

A

cancer in the lymph system

49
Q

lung cancer

A

very common, one of the most common cancers in the United States.
- most commonly due to smoking
- industrial exposure
- 4 subtypes: adenocarcinoma, squamous cell, large cell, and small cell carcinomas
- persistent cough, hemotysis, chest pain, usually undiagnosed weightloss with a cough is an alarming sign

50
Q

colon cancer

A

risk factors: age, family history, smoking, alcohol use, bowel disease
- if colon cancer is on the left side there will be blood, constipation, abdominal pain, anemic from loss of blood
- treatment: surgery, chemotherapy

51
Q

tubular adenoma

A

benign tumor that can be found in the colon.

52
Q

brain cancer

A

most common cause is from a primary tumor elsewhere (metasis- met from somewhere else)

53
Q

leukemia

A

a blood cancer
- Acute Lymphocytic (ALL)
- Acute Myeloid (AML)

  • Chronic Lymphocytic (CLL)
  • Myelogenous (CML)

patients with leukemia: anemia (don’t have a lot of oxygen), bruising, bleeding (epistaxis), fatigue, bone pain, headache, weight loss, fever, nausea, lymph node and organ enlargement

54
Q

acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)

A

leukemia found in children. the younger you are, the better you are prognosis wise. Under 5 years old- you do better.

  • bone pain, fever, enlarged lymph nodes
55
Q

chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

A

60 years and older.

56
Q

lymphoma cancer

A

cancer in your lymph system. our lymph systems is derived from white blood cells

57
Q

most common lymhoma

A

hodgkins and non-hodgkin lymphoma

-hodgkins has a prescence of reed-sternberg cells, non hodgkins does not have that

treatment the same for both: radiation and chemotherapy

58
Q

leukemia

A

elevated white blood cells (lymphocytes and monocytes)

59
Q

how do people get these types of cancers

A

unregulated proliferation of their white blood cells, maybe environmental influences, genetics

60
Q

acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)

A
  • 30% of all new cases of leukemia
  • increased incidence in people 60 years and older
    -serious, life-threatening disease
    -appears to be associated with damage to DNA

acute myelogonous leukemia presents with Pancytopenia!!

manifestations: weak, fatigue, urinary tract infections, thrombocytopenia

61
Q

pancytopenia

A

red blood cells are low (anemic) , white blood cells are low (infections) , platelets are low (no coaggulations- can’t stop bleeding).

  • anemic
  • infections
  • bleeding
62
Q

Chronic myelogonous luekemia (CML)

A

age diagnosis around 64.

cases: 9;22 translocation (philadelphia chromosome)

  • elevated blast cells
  • diagnosed can be asymptomatic
  • or weak, tired, sweating, spleen enlarged
63
Q

chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

A

over 50

  • no known cure
64
Q

hodgkin lymphoma

A

has an ann arbor staging system, reed sternberg cell

65
Q

ann arbor staging system

A

stage 1: one single lymph node
stage 2: there are two or more lymph nodes on the same side as the diaphragm
stage 3: multiple lymph nodes involved, but now they are on both sides of the diaphragm, so it’s gone to your lower body
stage 4: widespread involvement of the lymph nodes, both sides of the diaphragm, but now it’s also got involved in extranodal organ involvement

66
Q

multiple myeloma

A

malignancy in the plasma cells.
- people over 60
- more common in african americans than in whites (males)
- pathological fractures: their bones just break without tripping or falling, they’re just weak. their bones have ostelytic lesions that make the bone weaker.

treatment: radiation chemotherapy

67
Q

chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)

A

large liver, large spleen, abdominal pain radiating to left shoulder due to enlarged organs.

68
Q

most common person for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

A

elderly male, 65-70 year old caucasion

69
Q

chronic bronchitis

A

fixed airway obstruction caused by:
- scarring that thickens basement membranes
- increased number and size of mucus glands
- loss of support for small airways
- Persistent, inflammation- induced narrowing of airways

symptoms: copious mucus production, chronic productive cough

70
Q

sarcoidosis

A

systemic disease of unknown origin
- noncaseating granulomas of lung, lymph nodes, skin, eyes
- most common in young african american women
- causes: genetic predisposition, exposure to unknown antigen

71
Q

COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

A

progressive airflow limitations that are not fully reversible
(includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema)
- linked to cigarette smoking (accounts for 90% of COPD in industrialized countries)
- gradual onset with slowly progressive symptoms of dyspnea and shortness of breath
** One thing they do thats indicative: when they exhale, they pucker their lips on exhalation (helps them get the air out)

72
Q

emphysema

A
  • damage to lung parenchyma
  • destruction of gas-exchanging pulmonary surfaces
  • pulmonary hyperinflation
  • causes: cigarette smoking (primary cause)

** 2:1 ratio of breathing

73
Q

normal breathing

A

if someone is breathing normal, you should have a 1:2 ratio. you breathe in half of what you breathe out. exhalation is always larger

74
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

spirometer machine, how you measure someone’s breathing

75
Q

what do we give for people who can’t breathe?

A

a bronchial dilater

76
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

most common lethal genetic disorder
- reabsorption of sodium inhibited in skin
- reabsorption of sodium enhanced in epithelial exocrine cells
- 2-5% of caucasians carry the gene
- uncommon in blacks and asians
- thick pulmonary secretions, chronic cough, abdominal distention, large, fatty, foul-smelling stools.

diagnosis: skin sweat test
treatment: antibiotics for secondary infections, vitamin supplements, pancreatic digestive enzyme replacement

**genetic disorder, chromosome 7. if one parent has it and one is healthy, each child is 50% chancde of being a carrier. fat, bulky stool, they need to be given fat solutable vitamins (A,C,D), and they also need to be given pancreatic enzymes to help them digest.

Patho Exam 1 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions