Patho Exam 1

Question 1

pathophysiology

Answer 1

study of functional changes in the body caused by injury, disorder, or disease

Question 2

idiopathic

Answer 2

no known cause

Question 3

restrictive lung disease

Answer 3

ex: too much fluid between the inside and outside; the lung can’t fully expand; anything that is going to decrease air flow. short rapid breathing. tachypnea: rapid shallow breathing (not enough oxygen coming in) saves energy

Question 4

obstructive lung disease

Answer 4

anything that prevents airflow from coming in or out. ex: a tumor in your lung on the outside, or mucus in airways (ex: asthma, chronic bronchitis, cystic fibrosis) dyspnea: difficulty breathing

Question 5

aspiration

Answer 5

entry of secretions/ foreign material into trachea and lungs

Question 6

where is the most common place for someone to aspirate?

Answer 6

right side

Question 7

what age group is most likely to asparate?

Answer 7

first babies (children under 4), then elderly (older adults), then teenagers (most likely drink alcohol)

Question 8

diagnosis and treatment of aspiration

Answer 8

removal (laryngoscope or rigid bronchoscope, or a thoracotomy)

Question 9

clinical manifestations

Answer 9

coughing or wheezing, choking

Question 10

atelectasis

Answer 10

collapsed lung

risk factors: immobility, diminished ventilation, restriction of lung volume

Question 11

pneumothorax

Answer 11

presence of air between visceral and parietal pleura, compressing lung tissue

causes: trauma, complications related to medical procedures, chronic diseases

clinical manifestations:
dyspnea, tachypnea, tachycardia, anxiety, no breath sounds; hyperresonant on percussion

treatment: chest tube inserted into intrapleural space

Question 12

tension pneumothorax

Answer 12

air can get in, but can’t get out; medical emergency, the trachea will be displaced. It means that pressure is in the chest, causing it to shift one way or the other. The lung will fill up with pressure.
chest x ray: the diaphragm will be lower on the side that has tension pneumothorax

Question 13

closed pneumothorax

Answer 13

intact chest wall

Question 14

open pneumothorax

Answer 14

penetrating chest wound

for ex: hole in the chest, causing the lungs to collapse, for example gunshot wound, stab wound, any kind of impalement

Question 15

idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Answer 15

firefighters, 9/11. Progressive; no transplant, they will die, holes in lungs, looks like honeycombs

Question 16

whose also at risk for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer 16

caucasian males who smoke

treatment: oxygen therapy, lung transplant

Question 17

sarcoidosis

Answer 17

systemic disease of unknown origin. Noncaseating granulomas of lung, lymph nodes, skin, eyes

Question 18

who is most common for sarcoidosis?

Answer 18

most common in young african american women.

causes: genetic predisposition, exposure to unknown antigen

clinical manifestations: often asymptomatic, cough, dyspnea

treatment: corticosteroids

Question 19

definitive findings

Answer 19

color, breath sounds

Question 20

subjective findings

Answer 20

things that are kind of gray, for example a headache– you think a patient has a 8/10 headache but your not really sure

Question 21

pulmonary function tests (PTFs)

Answer 21

assessment of obstructive lung disorders

Question 22

acute and chronic conditions

Answer 22

acute ankle pain: maybe sprained, fell.
chronic ankle pain: for 4 years. arthritis, autoimmune, lupus

Question 23

burns

Answer 23

direct contact with excessive heat or radiation, caustic chemicals, or electricity.

worst burn is 2nd degree burn

result: acute inflammatory response

Question 24

what is the worst type of burn to get?

Answer 24

electrical burn is the worst to get

Question 25

inflammation

Answer 25

a set of complex changing responses to tissue injury primarily caused by toxic chemicals, some environmental agents, trauma, overuse, or infection.

Question 26

asthma

Answer 26

chronic inflammatory disorder of airways

Question 27

what is the most common cause of asthma?

Answer 27

allergies; could also be exercise if a child has asthma, there should be no clutter in their room, clutter brings dust

Question 28

acute inflammation

Answer 28

triggered by tissue injury goals: increase blood flow to site, increase healing cells at site, prepare for tissue repair local manifestations include heat, incapacitation, pain, edema, redness. systemic manifestations may include fever and increased circulating leukocytes and plasma proteins treatment of inflammation: reduce blood flow, decrease swelling, block the action of chemical mediators, decrease pain

Question 29

chronic inflammation

Answer 29

recurrent or persistent inflammation lasting several weeks or longer monocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes more prominently involved formation of granulomas and scarring often occur

Question 30

inflammation examples

Answer 30

sinusitis, burns, rheumatoid arthritis, gastritis, pancreatitis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBS)

Question 31

acute sinusitis

Answer 31

blockage of ostia and outflow of mucus due to allergy, viruses, or other irritants; facial pain over sinus regions of face increasing with straining or bending down, fever, nasal congestion, persistent cough, fatigue treatment: antibiotics, antihistamines, decongestants, nasal sprays

Question 32

chronic sinusitis

Answer 32

environmental factors: persistent infection, allergens genetic factors: metabolic abnormalities, immune deficiencies nasal congestion, nasal and postnasal discharge, sore throat, foul breath, unpleasant taste, low-grade fever, fatigue, anorexia, chronic cough diagnostic criteria: physical examination, computer tomography (CT) scan treatment: glucocorticoids, antibiotics, nasal saline irrigation, surgical

Question 33

rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 33

chronic inflammation of synovial membranes and synovial hyperplasia clinical manifestations: pain, stiffness, redness, heat, swelling, decreased mobility diagnostic criteria: no definitive test treatment: drugs that induce remission, rest, physical therapy exercises, splints, surgery

Question 34

lymphoma

Answer 34

lymphomas are derived from WBCs and lymph tissues and form solid organ tumors in the lymph tissue and later in the bone barrow

Question 35

lymphomas are classified as either...

Answer 35

hodgkin lymphoma or non- hodgkin lymphoma

Question 36

hodgkin lymphoma

Answer 36

painless, progressive enlargement of cervical (neck) lymph nodes low grade fever, night sweats, pruritus, weight loss, fatigue diagnostic criteria: presence of reed-sternberg cells treatment: chemotherapy, radiation, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Question 37

non- hodgkin lymphoma

Answer 37

painless enlargement of lymph nodes. systemic manifestations may also occur diagnostic criteria: history and physical examination, lymph node biopsy, chest and abdominal CT scans treatment: radiation, chemotherapy (aggressive forms)

Question 38

stage 4 cancer

Answer 38

chances are not going to live very long

Question 39

carcinogenesis

Answer 39

development of cancer; mutated gene, that cell didnt proliferate normally

Question 40

inherited version of carcinogenesis

Answer 40

5% of cancers

Question 41

acquired version of carcinogenesis

Answer 41

95% of cancers (breathing in chemicals, exposed, radiation)

Question 42

carcinogens examples

Answer 42

radiation, hormones, chemicals, tobacco, microbes

Question 43

when that cell becomes abnormal it is...

Answer 43

anaplasia: loss of cell differentiation and function

Question 44

benign tumors

Answer 44

remain localized, closely resemble tissue of origin

Question 45

malignant tumors

Answer 45

invasive and destructive, proliferate (increase in number) rapidly, spread to other sites, do not resemble tissue of origin

Question 46

tumors are classified as TNM's

Answer 46

TX: if you cant evaluate the tumor T0: if there is no tumor present TIS: if there is a tumor present

Question 47

leukemia

Answer 47

cancer of the blood

Question 48

lymphoma

Answer 48

cancer in the lymph system

Question 49

lung cancer

Answer 49

very common, one of the most common cancers in the United States. - most commonly due to smoking - industrial exposure - 4 subtypes: adenocarcinoma, squamous cell, large cell, and small cell carcinomas - persistent cough, hemotysis, chest pain, usually undiagnosed weightloss with a cough is an alarming sign

Question 50

colon cancer

Answer 50

risk factors: age, family history, smoking, alcohol use, bowel disease - if colon cancer is on the left side there will be blood, constipation, abdominal pain, anemic from loss of blood - treatment: surgery, chemotherapy

Question 51

tubular adenoma

Answer 51

benign tumor that can be found in the colon.

Question 52

brain cancer

Answer 52

most common cause is from a primary tumor elsewhere (metasis- met from somewhere else)

Question 53

leukemia

Answer 53

a blood cancer - Acute Lymphocytic (ALL) - Acute Myeloid (AML) - Chronic Lymphocytic (CLL) - Myelogenous (CML) patients with leukemia: anemia (don't have a lot of oxygen), bruising, bleeding (epistaxis), fatigue, bone pain, headache, weight loss, fever, nausea, lymph node and organ enlargement

Question 54

acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)

Answer 54

leukemia found in children. the younger you are, the better you are prognosis wise. Under 5 years old- you do better. - bone pain, fever, enlarged lymph nodes

Question 55

chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

Answer 55

60 years and older.

Question 56

lymphoma cancer

Answer 56

cancer in your lymph system. our lymph systems is derived from white blood cells

Question 57

most common lymhoma

Answer 57

hodgkins and non-hodgkin lymphoma -hodgkins has a prescence of reed-sternberg cells, non hodgkins does not have that treatment the same for both: radiation and chemotherapy

Question 58

leukemia

Answer 58

elevated white blood cells (lymphocytes and monocytes)

Question 59

how do people get these types of cancers

Answer 59

unregulated proliferation of their white blood cells, maybe environmental influences, genetics

Question 60

acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)

Answer 60

- 30% of all new cases of leukemia - increased incidence in people 60 years and older -serious, life-threatening disease -appears to be associated with damage to DNA acute myelogonous leukemia presents with Pancytopenia!! manifestations: weak, fatigue, urinary tract infections, thrombocytopenia

Question 61

pancytopenia

Answer 61

red blood cells are low (anemic) , white blood cells are low (infections) , platelets are low (no coaggulations- can't stop bleeding). - anemic - infections - bleeding

Question 62

Chronic myelogonous luekemia (CML)

Answer 62

age diagnosis around 64. cases: 9;22 translocation (philadelphia chromosome) - elevated blast cells - diagnosed can be asymptomatic - or weak, tired, sweating, spleen enlarged

Question 63

chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

Answer 63

over 50 - no known cure

Question 64

hodgkin lymphoma

Answer 64

has an ann arbor staging system, reed sternberg cell

Question 65

ann arbor staging system

Answer 65

stage 1: one single lymph node stage 2: there are two or more lymph nodes on the same side as the diaphragm stage 3: multiple lymph nodes involved, but now they are on both sides of the diaphragm, so it's gone to your lower body stage 4: widespread involvement of the lymph nodes, both sides of the diaphragm, but now it's also got involved in extranodal organ involvement

Question 66

multiple myeloma

Answer 66

malignancy in the plasma cells. - people over 60 - more common in african americans than in whites (males) - pathological fractures: their bones just break without tripping or falling, they're just weak. their bones have ostelytic lesions that make the bone weaker. treatment: radiation chemotherapy

Question 67

chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)

Answer 67

large liver, large spleen, abdominal pain radiating to left shoulder due to enlarged organs.

Question 68

most common person for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

Answer 68

elderly male, 65-70 year old caucasion

Question 69

chronic bronchitis

Answer 69

fixed airway obstruction caused by: - scarring that thickens basement membranes - increased number and size of mucus glands - loss of support for small airways - Persistent, inflammation- induced narrowing of airways symptoms: copious mucus production, chronic productive cough

Question 70

sarcoidosis

Answer 70

systemic disease of unknown origin - noncaseating granulomas of lung, lymph nodes, skin, eyes - most common in young african american women - causes: genetic predisposition, exposure to unknown antigen

Question 71

COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

Answer 71

progressive airflow limitations that are not fully reversible (includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema) - linked to cigarette smoking (accounts for 90% of COPD in industrialized countries) - gradual onset with slowly progressive symptoms of dyspnea and shortness of breath ** One thing they do thats indicative: when they exhale, they pucker their lips on exhalation (helps them get the air out)

Question 72

emphysema

Answer 72

- damage to lung parenchyma - destruction of gas-exchanging pulmonary surfaces - pulmonary hyperinflation - causes: cigarette smoking (primary cause) ** 2:1 ratio of breathing

Question 73

normal breathing

Answer 73

if someone is breathing normal, you should have a 1:2 ratio. you breathe in half of what you breathe out. exhalation is always larger

Question 74

expiratory reserve volume

Answer 74

spirometer machine, how you measure someone's breathing

Question 75

what do we give for people who can't breathe?

Answer 75

a bronchial dilater

Question 76

cystic fibrosis

Answer 76

most common lethal genetic disorder - reabsorption of sodium inhibited in skin - reabsorption of sodium enhanced in epithelial exocrine cells - 2-5% of caucasians carry the gene - uncommon in blacks and asians - thick pulmonary secretions, chronic cough, abdominal distention, large, fatty, foul-smelling stools. diagnosis: skin sweat test treatment: antibiotics for secondary infections, vitamin supplements, pancreatic digestive enzyme replacement **genetic disorder, chromosome 7. if one parent has it and one is healthy, each child is 50% chancde of being a carrier. fat, bulky stool, they need to be given fat solutable vitamins (A,C,D), and they also need to be given pancreatic enzymes to help them digest.