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pathology exam 1 > patho exam 1 > Flashcards

patho exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

My daughter had influenza B when she was in high school. This type if illness is:

acute
subacute
chronic

A

accute

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2
Q

Premorbid psychological profile has little effect on a person’s psychological response to illness.
true or false

A

false

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3
Q

The effective handling of new information is known as:
memory
information processing
complex problem solving
executive functions

A

complex problem solving

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4
Q

The Classification system used in current physical therapy practice that focuses on functional abilities and how people live with their health condition is:

WHO
ICF
UFC
PTA

A

ICF

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5
Q

Regular exercise, smoking cessation, eating you veggies and wearing a seatbelt are examples of which type of prevention:

primary
secondary
tertiary

A

primary

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6
Q

Which of the following groups of people should focus on practicing healthy behaviors?

individuals with acute diseases
individuals with subacute diseases
individuals with chronic diseases
any individual regardless of disease process

A

any individual regardless of disease process

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7
Q

A PTA is seeing a 62 year old women for hip pain whose plan of care includes regular resistance training to prevent osteoporosis. he PTA should recognize this as which type of prevention?

primary
secondary
tertiary
intentional

A

primary

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8
Q

A PTA is providing a patient with exercise instruction for osteoporosis. The patient reveals that she is taking a medication to improve her bone health. The most likely drug this patient is taking is:

metformin
ozempic
fosomax
prednisone

A

fosomox

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9
Q

A patient attends physical therapy for the second treatment and is assigned to see a PTA. The patient is complaining about a recent acute illness impairing her ability to complete her home exercise program. Which of the following is a characteristic of an acute illness?

permanent impairment
residual physical or cognitive disability
the need for long-term medical management
disease with a rapid onset and short duration

A

disease with a rapid onset and short duration

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10
Q

Which of the following is a defense mechanism that is considered a natural part of the psychologic process of dealing with illness?

noncompliance
paranoia
denial
persistent depression

A

denial

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11
Q

an athlelete being seen in physical therapy for an injury incurred while lifting heavy weights discloses that he is receiving gene therapy. Gene therapy in athletes is known as:

the genome project
gene doping
germ-line gene therapy
gene roiding

A

gene doping

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12
Q

A PTA is asked to provide an educational inservice to a group of older adults in the community about the benefits of exercise. Which of the following would NOT be considered a benefit of regular exercise?

increased sensitivity to insulin
improved psychological functioning
increased cardiovascular functional capacity
increased in some type A behaviors

A

increased in some type A behaviors

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13
Q

All cases of a condition among those at risk at a given point in time is the —-; the number of new cases of a condition in a specific time period in relation to the total number of people in the population who are at risk at the beginning of the time period is the—-:

prevalence, incidence
incidence, prevalence
disease risk, morbidity
morbidity, disease risk

A

prevalence, incidence

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14
Q

The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health(ICF) shift focus to—–.

disability
human functioning
disease processes
genetics

A

human functioning

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15
Q

A patient treated in physical therapy requires modifications to the treatment area, including reduced lighting and noise. This patient also requires multi-sensory formatting such as audio and video recordings, along with many repetitions in order to succeed at the home program. Which of the following patients is the MOST likely to require these modifications?

68 year old with rheumatoid arthritis
28 year old with brain injury and cognitive deficits
16 year old with ACL injury
85 year old with knee replacement

A

28 year old with brain injury and cognitive deficits

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16
Q

All of the following are considered signs of inflammation Except:

pain
edema
decreased skin turgor
redness

A

decreased skin turgor

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17
Q

Which patient is more likely to have an adverse drug event?

64 year old male
76 year old male with no underlying conditions
76 year old male with diabetes mellitus
64 year old male with no underlying health conditions

A

76 year old male with diabetes mellitus

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18
Q

You have a patient with total knee replacement 1 week ago. You are to schedule her for the next appointment at 11:15 am. When would you suggest that she take her prescribed NSAID?

3 hours before PT
2 hours before PT
1 Hour before PT
30 min before PT

A

2 hours before PT

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19
Q

Tachycardia is defined as a heart rate greater than:

90 bpm
100 bpm
110 bpm
120 bpm

A

100 bpm

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20
Q

Signs of shock include:

increased pulse rate
decreased blood pressure
decreased level of consciousness
all of the choices are correct

A

all of the choices are correct

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21
Q

Imbalances of which electrolyte influences blood volume and the retention or loss of interstitial fluid?

potassium
calcium
magnesium
sodium

A

sodium

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22
Q

A 27 year old male presents to physical therapy with a diagnosis of patella tendonitis. The patient explains that he has been working out for 5 to 6 hours per day for approximately the last 2 to 3 weeks. The therapist notes an abnormal amount of facial acne and body hair. The therapist suspects drug abuse. What type of drug is this patient most likely abusing?

glucocorticoids
NSAIDS
Anabolic steroids
Marjuana

A

anabolic steroids

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23
Q

serious side affects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs(NSAIDs) are usually not seen in which part of the body?

gastrointestinal system
kidneys
cardiovascular system
skin

A

skin

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24
Q

what are the most common causes of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome?

pulmonary edema and congestive heart failure
sepsis and myocardial infarction
pulmonary edema and myocardial infarction
sepsis and septic shock

A

sepsis and septic shock

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25
Q

what us the most serous side effect of long term use of glucocorticoids?

hyperglycemia
fluid retention
GI irritation
increased susceptibility to infection

A

increased susceptibility to infection

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26
Q

which NSAID is the most powerful anti-platelet agent?

asprin
vioxx
ibuprofen
naxproxen

A

apsrin

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27
Q

70-100% of patients on chemotherapy experience which side effect that has a serious impact on QOL?

dry mouth
fatigue
dizziness
alopecia

A

fatigue

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28
Q

a patient in PT presents with the above discoloration of the lower extremity commonly seen as a result of thrombocytopenia from using certain drugs, including NSAIDS, methotrexate, Coumadin or radiation/chemotherapy. This condition is most likely:

purpura
radiation dermatitis
lupus rash
fibrosis

A

purpura

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29
Q

the acid base imbalance that results from hypoventilation with subsequent retention of carbon dioxide from COPD, asthma, CNS depression or impaired diaphragm and can cause headaches, confusion, restlessness, sleeping and shortness of breath (SOB) is:

metabolic alkalosis
respiratory alkalosis
respiratory acidosis
metabolic acidosis

A

respiratory acidosis

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30
Q

at what time should your patient who is scheduled for PT at 2:30 pm take a prescribed NSAID for pain control?

2:15 pm
12:30 pm
1:30 pm
8:30 am

A

12:30 pm

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31
Q

list the cardinal signs of inflammation:

A

pain, swelling, heat, loss of function, redness

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32
Q

an elderly patient experiences an adverse drug reaction due to long term use of anti-psychotic medication for anxiety. which of the following would be the most likely ADE?

abdominal cramps
hypertension
tardive dyskinesia
pulmonary edema

A

tardive dyskinesia

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33
Q

which of the following conditions does NOT affect multiple organs or systems:

systemic lupus erythmatosus
rheumatoid arthritis
tuberculosis
tendinitis

A

tendinitis

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34
Q

inadequate blood supply to an organ to maintain homeostasis and metabolic function is:

ischemia
infart
hypoxia
immunity

A

ischemia

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35
Q

extra free radicals can be neutralized by:

nitric oxide molecues
antioxidants
lymphocytes
anaphylaxis

A

antioxidants

36
Q

tissue healing occurs by:

regeneration
repair
both regeneration and repair
neither regeneration nor repair

A

both regeneration and repair

37
Q

the most important protein that provides structural support and length to almost all tissues of the body is:

hemoglobin
casein
collagen
free radicals

A

collagen

38
Q

which type of collagen is predominant in cartilage?

type I
type II
type III
none of these choices are found in cartilage

A

type II

39
Q

the inflammatory process will vary greatly depending on which type of tissues is injured.
true or false

A

false

40
Q

what is the first step in the tissue healing process?

proliferation
hemostasis
inflammation
remodeling

A

hemostasis

41
Q

in most cases, tissue healing is achieved by both cell regeneration and repair(replacement by connective tissue).
true or false

A

true

42
Q

the most common site for a muscle strain is:

the site of connection between the muscle and tendon
muscle belly
the site of connection between the muscle and ligament
the proximal end of the muscle

A

the site of connection between the muscle and the tendon

43
Q

at which stage of bone healing is a soft callus formed?

inflammatory
hematoma formation
reparative
remodeling

A

reparative

44
Q

when is a lumbar disc herniation more likely to occur?

during the right while sleeping
in the afternoon, during a usual day at the office
in the evening, after a light day of work
in the morning, after a good night’s rest

A

in the morning, after a good night’s rest

45
Q

a local immune response to tissue injury or infection is:

systemic response
hematoma
inflammation

A

inflammation

46
Q

list the 5 ways one experiences inflammation(cardinal sings of inflammation).

A

pain, heat, redness, loss of function, swelling

47
Q

what happens immediately after injury(first)?

fibroblasts lay down collagen
neutrophils enter the injured area
vasoconstruction and clot formation

A

vasoconstriction and clot formation

48
Q

what is the effect of prostaglandin and histamine release following tissue injury?

decrease blood flow to the area
increased blood to the area

A

increased blood flow to the area

49
Q

what type of immune cells travel to injured tissue to destroy pathogens and damaged cells?

platelets
erythrocytes
neutrophils

A

neutrophils

50
Q

engulfing and digesting bacteria is a process called:

phagocytosis
chemotaxis
epistaxis
cyto megalosis

A

phagocytosis

51
Q

fibroblasts secrete—–to reinforce the wound.

collagen
diapodesis
neutrophils
prostaglandins

A

collagen

52
Q

the most common anti-inflammatory drugs are known as:

acetaminophen
none of the choices are correct
NSAIDs
MSAIDs

A

NSAIDs

53
Q

the enzyme COX inhibits the production of:

red blood cells
macrophages
prostaglandins
plasma

A

prostaglandins

54
Q

provide 2 examples of common non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

A

asprin and ibuprofen

55
Q

what is the first step in tissue healing?

hemostasis
inflammation
proliferation
remodling

A

hemostasis

56
Q

what is the most important protein to provide structural support and tensile strength for almost all tissues and organs of the body?

elastin
collagen
proteoglycan
fibronectin

A

collagen

57
Q

ischemia at the cellular level will lea to all of the following except:

loss of aerobic metabolism
release of exotoxin
cell swelling
decreased delivery of nutrients

A

release of exotoxin

58
Q

deficiencies of which vitamin are usually associated with connective tissue disorders?

vitamin A
vitamin B
vitamin C
vitamin D

A

vitamin C

59
Q

a hard callus is formed in which of the following disorders?

hemostasis
inflammatory phase
reparative phase
remodeling phase

A

reparative

60
Q

sepsis is most likely to result from which of the following disorders?

anu autoimmune disorder
vitamin D deficiency
cellulitis
scurvy (vitamin C deficiency)

A

cellulitis

61
Q

protein poor fluid leaking from the vasculature into a joint cavity is called——.

transudate
exudate
effusion
edema

A

effusion

62
Q

which portion of acute inflammation is caused by swelling of nerve endings?

erythema
heat
edema
pain

A

pain

63
Q

red, beefy, tissue with pinpoint red dots seen as a result of inflammation during tissue healing is termed:

granulation tissue
keloid tissue
basement membrane
all of the choices are correct

A

granulation tissue

64
Q

healing by—–involves a clean and uninfected wound in which the edges have been approximated and sutures applied. Minimal loss of cells and tissue has occurred and scaring is minimal, if any.

secondary intention
primary intention
tertiary intention
closed intention

A

primary intention

65
Q

acute vs chronic

A

acute - rapid onset/short duration

chronic - include permanent impairment or disability, residual physical or cognitive disability, special rehabilitation/long term medical management (new normal)

66
Q

primary intervention example

A

vaccinations, over the counter medications, healthy diet, exercise

67
Q

secondary intervention example

A

regular exams and screenings tests to detect disease in its earliest stages

68
Q

tertiary intervention example

A

cardiac or stroke rehabilitation programs, chronic disease management programs

69
Q

health promotion examples

A

health screenings, wellness programs, safety programs, stress management, support groups

70
Q

focus and components of the ICF

A

international classification of functioning, disability, and health

focus shifted from disability to ability - how people live with their health condition and how these can be improved to achieve a productive and fulfilling life

5 components - body functions, body structures, activities and participation, environmental factors, personal factors

71
Q

factors that affect tissue healing

A

age and gender
sex hormones
stress
ischemia
diseases: diabetes, fibrosis, etc
obesity
medications: steroids, NSAIDs, chemo
alcoholism
spoking

72
Q

why is it important to move healing tissues?

A

increases blood flow which aids in tissue healing

73
Q

mechanisms of injury

A

ischemia - lack of blood supply
infectious agents - bacteria, viruses
immune reactions
genetic factors
nutritional factors
physical factors
chemical factors

74
Q

what are 2 ways that a tissue heels?

A

regeneration and repair

75
Q

reversible vs irreversible cell injury

A

reversible cell injury leading to adaption of the cells and tissue

irreversible cell injury leading to cell death and tissue damage

76
Q

fluid volume deficit signs/symptoms

A

postural dizziness, fatigue, confusion, muscle cramps, chest pain, abdominal pain, hypotension, or tachycardia

77
Q

diapedesis

A

the passage of blood cells through the intact walls of capillaries, typically accompanying inflammation

78
Q

chemotaxis

A

movement of a motile cell or organism or part of one, in a direction corresponding to a gradient of increasing or decreasing concentration of a particular substance

79
Q

keloid

A

an area of irregular fibrous tissue formed at the site of a scar or injury

80
Q

hypertrophic scar

A

a thick raised scar that’s an abnormal response to wound healing. common with trauma, burns, surgical incisions

81
Q

transudate/exudate, effusion

A

transudate - fluids that pass through a membrane or squeeze through tissue or into the extracellular space of tissues. thin and watery, contain a few cells or proteins

exudate - fluid that leaks out of blood vessels into nearby tissues. may ooze from cuts or from areas of infection or inflammation(pus)

effusion - the escape of a fluid from anatomical vessels by rupture or exudation

82
Q

hemostasis

A

the stopping of a flow of blood

83
Q

neutropenia

A

the presence of abnormally few neutrophils in the blood, leading to increased susceptibility to infection. it is an undesirable side of some cancer treatments

84
Q

hypo/hypernatremia

A

hyponatremia - the sodium level in the body is below normal
hypernatremia - a rise in serum sodium concentration to a value

common electrolyte problem

85
Q

necrosis

A

the death of body tissue

86
Q

hypertrophy/atrophy

A

hypertrophy - the enlargement of an organ or tissue from the increase in size of its cells

atrophy - waste away, especially as a result of the degenerative of cells

87
Q

anaphylaxis

A

severe, potentially life threatening allergic reaction

pathology exam 1 (1 decks)

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