patho exam 1 Flashcards by Mikala Kenkel

My daughter had influenza B when she was in high school. This type if illness is:

acute
subacute
chronic

accute

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Premorbid psychological profile has little effect on a person’s psychological response to illness.
true or false

false

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The effective handling of new information is known as:
memory
information processing
complex problem solving
executive functions

complex problem solving

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The Classification system used in current physical therapy practice that focuses on functional abilities and how people live with their health condition is:

WHO
ICF
UFC
PTA

ICF

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Regular exercise, smoking cessation, eating you veggies and wearing a seatbelt are examples of which type of prevention:

primary
secondary
tertiary

primary

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Which of the following groups of people should focus on practicing healthy behaviors?

individuals with acute diseases
individuals with subacute diseases
individuals with chronic diseases
any individual regardless of disease process

any individual regardless of disease process

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A PTA is seeing a 62 year old women for hip pain whose plan of care includes regular resistance training to prevent osteoporosis. he PTA should recognize this as which type of prevention?

primary
secondary
tertiary
intentional

primary

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A PTA is providing a patient with exercise instruction for osteoporosis. The patient reveals that she is taking a medication to improve her bone health. The most likely drug this patient is taking is:

metformin
ozempic
fosomax
prednisone

fosomox

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A patient attends physical therapy for the second treatment and is assigned to see a PTA. The patient is complaining about a recent acute illness impairing her ability to complete her home exercise program. Which of the following is a characteristic of an acute illness?

permanent impairment
residual physical or cognitive disability
the need for long-term medical management
disease with a rapid onset and short duration

disease with a rapid onset and short duration

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Which of the following is a defense mechanism that is considered a natural part of the psychologic process of dealing with illness?

noncompliance
paranoia
denial
persistent depression

denial

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an athlelete being seen in physical therapy for an injury incurred while lifting heavy weights discloses that he is receiving gene therapy. Gene therapy in athletes is known as:

the genome project
gene doping
germ-line gene therapy
gene roiding

gene doping

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A PTA is asked to provide an educational inservice to a group of older adults in the community about the benefits of exercise. Which of the following would NOT be considered a benefit of regular exercise?

increased sensitivity to insulin
improved psychological functioning
increased cardiovascular functional capacity
increased in some type A behaviors

increased in some type A behaviors

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All cases of a condition among those at risk at a given point in time is the —-; the number of new cases of a condition in a specific time period in relation to the total number of people in the population who are at risk at the beginning of the time period is the—-:

prevalence, incidence
incidence, prevalence
disease risk, morbidity
morbidity, disease risk

prevalence, incidence

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The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health(ICF) shift focus to—–.

disability
human functioning
disease processes
genetics

human functioning

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A patient treated in physical therapy requires modifications to the treatment area, including reduced lighting and noise. This patient also requires multi-sensory formatting such as audio and video recordings, along with many repetitions in order to succeed at the home program. Which of the following patients is the MOST likely to require these modifications?

68 year old with rheumatoid arthritis
28 year old with brain injury and cognitive deficits
16 year old with ACL injury
85 year old with knee replacement

28 year old with brain injury and cognitive deficits

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All of the following are considered signs of inflammation Except:

pain
edema
decreased skin turgor
redness

decreased skin turgor

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Which patient is more likely to have an adverse drug event?

64 year old male
76 year old male with no underlying conditions
76 year old male with diabetes mellitus
64 year old male with no underlying health conditions

76 year old male with diabetes mellitus

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You have a patient with total knee replacement 1 week ago. You are to schedule her for the next appointment at 11:15 am. When would you suggest that she take her prescribed NSAID?

3 hours before PT
2 hours before PT
1 Hour before PT
30 min before PT

2 hours before PT

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Tachycardia is defined as a heart rate greater than:

90 bpm
100 bpm
110 bpm
120 bpm

100 bpm

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Signs of shock include:

increased pulse rate
decreased blood pressure
decreased level of consciousness
all of the choices are correct

all of the choices are correct

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Imbalances of which electrolyte influences blood volume and the retention or loss of interstitial fluid?

potassium
calcium
magnesium
sodium

sodium

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A 27 year old male presents to physical therapy with a diagnosis of patella tendonitis. The patient explains that he has been working out for 5 to 6 hours per day for approximately the last 2 to 3 weeks. The therapist notes an abnormal amount of facial acne and body hair. The therapist suspects drug abuse. What type of drug is this patient most likely abusing?

glucocorticoids
NSAIDS
Anabolic steroids
Marjuana

anabolic steroids

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serious side affects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs(NSAIDs) are usually not seen in which part of the body?

gastrointestinal system
kidneys
cardiovascular system
skin

skin

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what are the most common causes of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome?

pulmonary edema and congestive heart failure
sepsis and myocardial infarction
pulmonary edema and myocardial infarction
sepsis and septic shock

sepsis and septic shock

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what us the most serous side effect of long term use of glucocorticoids? hyperglycemia fluid retention GI irritation increased susceptibility to infection

increased susceptibility to infection

which NSAID is the most powerful anti-platelet agent? asprin vioxx ibuprofen naxproxen

apsrin

70-100% of patients on chemotherapy experience which side effect that has a serious impact on QOL? dry mouth fatigue dizziness alopecia

fatigue

a patient in PT presents with the above discoloration of the lower extremity commonly seen as a result of thrombocytopenia from using certain drugs, including NSAIDS, methotrexate, Coumadin or radiation/chemotherapy. This condition is most likely: purpura radiation dermatitis lupus rash fibrosis

purpura

the acid base imbalance that results from hypoventilation with subsequent retention of carbon dioxide from COPD, asthma, CNS depression or impaired diaphragm and can cause headaches, confusion, restlessness, sleeping and shortness of breath (SOB) is: metabolic alkalosis respiratory alkalosis respiratory acidosis metabolic acidosis

respiratory acidosis

at what time should your patient who is scheduled for PT at 2:30 pm take a prescribed NSAID for pain control? 2:15 pm 12:30 pm 1:30 pm 8:30 am

12:30 pm

list the cardinal signs of inflammation:

pain, swelling, heat, loss of function, redness

an elderly patient experiences an adverse drug reaction due to long term use of anti-psychotic medication for anxiety. which of the following would be the most likely ADE? abdominal cramps hypertension tardive dyskinesia pulmonary edema

tardive dyskinesia

which of the following conditions does NOT affect multiple organs or systems: systemic lupus erythmatosus rheumatoid arthritis tuberculosis tendinitis

tendinitis

inadequate blood supply to an organ to maintain homeostasis and metabolic function is: ischemia infart hypoxia immunity

ischemia

extra free radicals can be neutralized by: nitric oxide molecues antioxidants lymphocytes anaphylaxis

antioxidants

tissue healing occurs by: regeneration repair both regeneration and repair neither regeneration nor repair

both regeneration and repair

the most important protein that provides structural support and length to almost all tissues of the body is: hemoglobin casein collagen free radicals

collagen

which type of collagen is predominant in cartilage? type I type II type III none of these choices are found in cartilage

type II

the inflammatory process will vary greatly depending on which type of tissues is injured. true or false

false

what is the first step in the tissue healing process? proliferation hemostasis inflammation remodeling

hemostasis

in most cases, tissue healing is achieved by both cell regeneration and repair(replacement by connective tissue). true or false

true

the most common site for a muscle strain is: the site of connection between the muscle and tendon muscle belly the site of connection between the muscle and ligament the proximal end of the muscle

the site of connection between the muscle and the tendon

at which stage of bone healing is a soft callus formed? inflammatory hematoma formation reparative remodeling

reparative

when is a lumbar disc herniation more likely to occur? during the right while sleeping in the afternoon, during a usual day at the office in the evening, after a light day of work in the morning, after a good night's rest

in the morning, after a good night's rest

a local immune response to tissue injury or infection is: systemic response hematoma inflammation

inflammation

list the 5 ways one experiences inflammation(cardinal sings of inflammation).

pain, heat, redness, loss of function, swelling

what happens immediately after injury(first)? fibroblasts lay down collagen neutrophils enter the injured area vasoconstruction and clot formation

vasoconstriction and clot formation

what is the effect of prostaglandin and histamine release following tissue injury? decrease blood flow to the area increased blood to the area

increased blood flow to the area

what type of immune cells travel to injured tissue to destroy pathogens and damaged cells? platelets erythrocytes neutrophils

neutrophils

engulfing and digesting bacteria is a process called: phagocytosis chemotaxis epistaxis cyto megalosis

phagocytosis

fibroblasts secrete-----to reinforce the wound. collagen diapodesis neutrophils prostaglandins

collagen

the most common anti-inflammatory drugs are known as: acetaminophen none of the choices are correct NSAIDs MSAIDs

NSAIDs

the enzyme COX inhibits the production of: red blood cells macrophages prostaglandins plasma

prostaglandins

provide 2 examples of common non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

asprin and ibuprofen

what is the first step in tissue healing? hemostasis inflammation proliferation remodling

hemostasis

what is the most important protein to provide structural support and tensile strength for almost all tissues and organs of the body? elastin collagen proteoglycan fibronectin

collagen

ischemia at the cellular level will lea to all of the following except: loss of aerobic metabolism release of exotoxin cell swelling decreased delivery of nutrients

release of exotoxin

deficiencies of which vitamin are usually associated with connective tissue disorders? vitamin A vitamin B vitamin C vitamin D

vitamin C

a hard callus is formed in which of the following disorders? hemostasis inflammatory phase reparative phase remodeling phase

reparative

sepsis is most likely to result from which of the following disorders? anu autoimmune disorder vitamin D deficiency cellulitis scurvy (vitamin C deficiency)

cellulitis

protein poor fluid leaking from the vasculature into a joint cavity is called------. transudate exudate effusion edema

effusion

which portion of acute inflammation is caused by swelling of nerve endings? erythema heat edema pain

pain

red, beefy, tissue with pinpoint red dots seen as a result of inflammation during tissue healing is termed: granulation tissue keloid tissue basement membrane all of the choices are correct

granulation tissue

healing by-----involves a clean and uninfected wound in which the edges have been approximated and sutures applied. Minimal loss of cells and tissue has occurred and scaring is minimal, if any. secondary intention primary intention tertiary intention closed intention

primary intention

acute vs chronic

acute - rapid onset/short duration chronic - include permanent impairment or disability, residual physical or cognitive disability, special rehabilitation/long term medical management (new normal)

primary intervention example

vaccinations, over the counter medications, healthy diet, exercise

secondary intervention example

regular exams and screenings tests to detect disease in its earliest stages

tertiary intervention example

cardiac or stroke rehabilitation programs, chronic disease management programs

health promotion examples

health screenings, wellness programs, safety programs, stress management, support groups

focus and components of the ICF

international classification of functioning, disability, and health focus shifted from disability to ability - how people live with their health condition and how these can be improved to achieve a productive and fulfilling life 5 components - body functions, body structures, activities and participation, environmental factors, personal factors

factors that affect tissue healing

age and gender sex hormones stress ischemia diseases: diabetes, fibrosis, etc obesity medications: steroids, NSAIDs, chemo alcoholism spoking

why is it important to move healing tissues?

increases blood flow which aids in tissue healing

mechanisms of injury

ischemia - lack of blood supply infectious agents - bacteria, viruses immune reactions genetic factors nutritional factors physical factors chemical factors

what are 2 ways that a tissue heels?

regeneration and repair

reversible vs irreversible cell injury

reversible cell injury leading to adaption of the cells and tissue irreversible cell injury leading to cell death and tissue damage

fluid volume deficit signs/symptoms

postural dizziness, fatigue, confusion, muscle cramps, chest pain, abdominal pain, hypotension, or tachycardia

diapedesis

the passage of blood cells through the intact walls of capillaries, typically accompanying inflammation

chemotaxis

movement of a motile cell or organism or part of one, in a direction corresponding to a gradient of increasing or decreasing concentration of a particular substance

keloid

an area of irregular fibrous tissue formed at the site of a scar or injury

hypertrophic scar

a thick raised scar that's an abnormal response to wound healing. common with trauma, burns, surgical incisions

transudate/exudate, effusion

transudate - fluids that pass through a membrane or squeeze through tissue or into the extracellular space of tissues. thin and watery, contain a few cells or proteins exudate - fluid that leaks out of blood vessels into nearby tissues. may ooze from cuts or from areas of infection or inflammation(pus) effusion - the escape of a fluid from anatomical vessels by rupture or exudation

hemostasis

the stopping of a flow of blood

neutropenia

the presence of abnormally few neutrophils in the blood, leading to increased susceptibility to infection. it is an undesirable side of some cancer treatments

hypo/hypernatremia

hyponatremia - the sodium level in the body is below normal hypernatremia - a rise in serum sodium concentration to a value common electrolyte problem

necrosis

the death of body tissue

hypertrophy/atrophy

hypertrophy - the enlargement of an organ or tissue from the increase in size of its cells atrophy - waste away, especially as a result of the degenerative of cells

anaphylaxis

severe, potentially life threatening allergic reaction