Patho Deck Flashcards
EPA Versus DPA
EPA: Eicosaptenoic Acid
- heart healthy, cell inflammtion
- from Achainoic Acid (AA)
- inhibits 5D5
DHA: Docosahexanoic Acid
-Brain health
-Help produce dihomo gamma linoic acid (DGLA/GLA)
-inhibit D6D
Common Drug Induced Nutrient Depletions (DIND)
-calcium
-magnesium
-potassium
-zinc
-CoQ10
-Thiamine
-B12
-vit A, D, K
MTHFR
what is it?
two common mutations?
Methylentretrahydrofolate reductase
-genetic mutation that causes increase ^ homocystiene
-this causes low folate ( v B9 )
2 mutations:
- C677T
-A1298C
-can have one, both, or neither (copies)
Methylation
what is it?
importance?
What is needed to methlyate? What is that thing relying on?
Transfer of 4 atoms: 1 carbons, 3 hydrogen (CH3) from one substance to another
- need SAMe to do this, which relies on 5 MTHF (active folate/methylfolate)
Importance:
DNA, neurotransmitters, reproductive, cardiovascular, detoxification
Glutathione
Reduced state versus Oxidized state
What are these responsible for?
Reduced state: GSH
Oxidized: GSSG
These protect cells from oxidative damage, toxicity, and maintains redox status
Dyslipidemia
what is it?
Imbalance of cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides
C- Reactive Proteins (CRP)
What is it/what is is produced by?
What do high levels indicate?
Protien produced by liver
increased ^ levels indicate inflammation
Microcytic Anemias
What is microcytotic means?
Types?
-Not enough hemoglobin
-hypocromic–decreased in red color
-Smaller RBCs
Iron deficiency
Anemia of inflammation
Thalsemia (inherited)
Macrocytoic
-what does macrocytoic mean?
-Types?
-bone marrow produces large RBCs
- Megablastic ( DNA can’t be produced due to vit deficienes)
-Pernicious (Cant absorb enough B12)
-Siderblastic (rare blood disorder affects RBCs) (can be normcytoic or macro)
Estrogen Dominance vs Deficiency
Dominance is when progesterone /estradol ratio is lower than (p)100/500(e)
Deficiency/ progesterone dominance is when it is higher
What is normal blood pH?
7.35-7.40
Ratios for bicarbonate:Carbonic acid
whats normal?
what is acidosis?
what is alkalosis?
Normal: (b)20:1 (c) with 7.35-7.40
acidosis: lower ratio of 20:1 and pH less than 7.35
alkalosis: higher ratio and pH more than 7.40
Characteristics of alkalosis and acidosis
associated with what electrolytes?
acidosis- nausea, vomit, fatigue
alkalosis: confusion, tremor, twitch, spasm, nasuea, vomit
acidosis: low potassium, treated with minerals in water such as sodium and pottasium
alkolosis: higher potassium
Addisons versus Cushings Disease
Addisons: decreased function of adrenal gland (not enough cortisol)
-not enough adrenocortropic hormine
Cushing: Excessive cortisol production
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
what is it?
what does increased mean?
what does decreased mean?
is a chemical produced in the brain that causes the kidneys to release less water, decreasing the amount of urine produced. A high ADH level causes the body to produce less urine.
ADH is a chemical produced in the brain that causes the kidneys to release less water, decreasing the amount of urine produced.
A HIGH ADH level causes the body to produce LESS urine.
LOW ADH cause the kidneys to excrete too much water. Urinating MORE, leading to dehydration and a LOW in blood pressure.
Diabetes insipidus (DI) versus Diabtetes Mellitus (DM)
(DI) is a rare condition in which the kidneys are unable to retain water. Urine concentations is abnormal, but normal glucose
diabetes mellitus is a condition characterized by the inability of the body to produce enough or respond normally to insulin, causing blood sugar (glucose) levels to be abnormally high
What is arachidonic acid (AA)
what is its role in inflammation?
Arachidonic acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid
Following irritation or injury, arachidonic acid is released and oxygenated by enzyme systems leading to the formation of an important group of inflammatory mediators
myeloid cells versus lymphoid cells
Myeloid cells give rise to red blood cells, granulocytes, monocytes, and platelets
Lymphoid cells give rise to lymphocytes and natural killer cells
White Blood Cells (WBC)
types?
what are the abnormalities of WBC?
-granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils)
-monocytes
-lymphocytes (T cells and B cells)
abnormally low WBC (leukopenia)
-abnormally high WBC (leukocytosis)
There are many possible causes of this, including infections, genetic disorders, autoimmune diseases, and, in rare cases, cancer.
Granulocytes
what are they?
what are their functions?
neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Neutrophils:
They kill and digest bacteria and fungi.
-Most numerous
-First line of defense
Eosinophils:
-They attack and kill parasites and cancer cells, and help with allergic responses.
Basophils
-They secrete chemicals such as histamine, a marker of allergic disease, that help control the body’s immune response.
Functions of monocytes
They have a longer lifespan than many white blood cells and help to break down bacteria.
Function of Lymphocytes.
They create antibodies to fight against bacteria, viruses, and other potentially harmful invaders
What are the thyroid hormones
The thyroid gland is an endocrine gland in your neck. It makes two hormones that are secreted into the blood: thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).
How does t4 convert to t3?
name of t 4?
name of t3?
T4 is converted into T3, the active form of thyroid hormone, by two enzymes called deiodinases.
t4- thyroxine
t3- triiodothyronine
Objective versus subjective
Objective– facts
Subjective–opinions or biases
Pathology versus Pathogensis
Pathology is that field of science and medicine concerned with the study of diseases, specifically their initial causes (etiologies)
Thie progression is the pathogenesis
ABCD’s of nutrition
Anthropometric
Biochemical
Clinical
Dietary
Define Myalgia, Neuralgia, Arthralgia
Myalgia: pain in a muscle or group of muscles.
Neuralgia: pain along the course of a nerve, especially in the head or face.
Arthralgia: pain in a joint
What are prostoglandins
The prostaglandins are a group of lipids made at sites of tissue damage or infection that are involved in dealing with injury and illness.
4 classical sign of inflammation
what doe they means?
Calor: heat
dolor: pain
rubor: redness
tumor: swelling
What are the inflammatory mediators?
heparin, histamine, prostaglandins
What are inflammatory triggers?
allergenic response, oxidative stress, toxins
COX 1 and COX 2 fucntions
COX enzymes are known to be involved in prostaglandin synthesis
COX-1: generates prostaglandins that are involved in the protection of gastrointestinal mucosa
COX-2 generates prostaglandins that mediate inflammation and pain in sites throughout the body
Pregnancy
How many trimesters?
Weeks?
First trimester – conception to 12 weeks.
Second trimester – 12 to 24 weeks.
Third trimester – 24 to 40 weeks.
What are AGEs and ALEs
Foods that promote?
AGEs: Advanced Glycoxidation End-products or glycotoxicins
ALEs Advanced Lipoxidation End-products
Meats: beef being the highest
Higher-fat and aged cheeses (American cheese and Parmesan)
High-fat spreads, including butter, cream cheese, margarine, and mayonnaise.
What are the waves of an EKG
The waves on an ECG include the P wave, Q wave, R wave, S wave, T wave and U wave
Left versus Right side of Heart
Functions?
The right side: collects oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs.
The left side : heart collects oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body.
Systole versus Diastole
Systole occurs when the heart contracts to pump blood out,
diastole occurs when the heart relaxes after contraction.
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80 mmHg.
RAAS system (pathway)
what does it stand for?
function?
The RAAS is a complex multi-organ endocrine (hormone) system
- regulation of blood pressure by balancing fluid and electrolyte levels, as well as regulating vascular resistance & tone.
-RAAS regulates sodium and water absorption in the kidney thus directly having an impact on systemic blood pressure.
Ateriosclerosis vs atherosclerosis vs necrosis
Ateriosclerosis:
a disease of the arteries characterized by the deposition of plaques of fatty material on their inner walls.
Atherosclerosis:
the buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls.
Necrosis:
the death of most or all of the cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury, or failure of the blood supply.
Myocardial Infraction, angina pectoris, CVD
M.I.: A blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle. (AKA heart attack)
Angina Pectoris: a condition marked by severe pain in the chest, often also spreading to the shoulders, arms, and neck, caused by an inadequate blood supply to the heart.
What is single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP):
single variation in one nucleotid
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase is important for a chemical reaction involving the vitamin folate (also called vitamin B9).
This enzyme converts a form of folate called _____________ to a different form of folate called____________
5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate
5-methyltetrahydrofolate
Primary form of folate in blood?
5-methyltetrahydrofolate
Epigentics
Turns genes ON and OFF, expression is different. Code is not
What period of fetal development is most vulnerable to injury from toxins?
First trimester.
Sources of Inflammatory triggers
allergenic response, oxidative stress, toxins, pathogens)
Innate Immunity
Innate - non specific - inherited from parents
Adaptive Immunity
Adaptive - specific- acquired not inherited
Identify what cellular/tissue components are involved in 1st, 2nd, 3rd line of defense
1st line - physical and chemical barriers that are always ready and prepared to defend the body from infection. These include your skin, tears, mucus, cilia, stomach acid, urine flow, ‘friendly’ bacteria and white blood cells called neutrophils
2nd -nonspecific resistance that destroys invaders in a generalized way without targeting specific individuals: Phagocytic cells ingest and destroy all microbes that pass into body tissues.
3rd is specific, Lymphocytes B and T cells, specific to the invader. Then the cell remembers the antigen
