Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CA1 Extra Qns > Patho - Cancer > Flashcards

Patho - Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Big 3 cancer for men?

A
  1. colorectal
  2. lung
  3. prostate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the Big 2 cancer for woman?

A
  1. colorectal
  2. breast
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Gross features of Benign Neoplasm

A
  1. Smooth surface with fibrotic capsule -> encapsulation
  2. Well-circumscribed (well circumscribed does not mean encapsulated)
  3. No necrosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Gross features of Malignant Neoplasm

A
  1. Irregular surface without encapsulation -> tumour tissue infiltrate with non-tumour tissue (poorly demarcated from surrounding tissue)
  2. Necrosis and haemorrhage
  3. multi-focal (many lesions present)
  4. pale discolouration
  5. poorly circumscribed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Microscopic features of Benign Neoplasm

A
  1. Compression of other cells
  2. Highly differentiated -> resemble original tissue
  3. Cells are normal, resembles one another -> uniform appearance
  4. Few mitoses
  5. Well-formed blood vessels
  6. No necrosis
  7. No metastasis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Microscopic features of Malignant Neoplasm

A
  1. Invasion of other cells
  2. Poorly differentiated -> do not resemble original tissue (anaplasia)
  3. Cells are abnormal
    - enlarged hyperchromatic
    - high N:C ratio
    - irregular nuclei with large nucleoli
    - clumped chromatin irregularly distributed
    - variation in size and shape (pleomorphism)
  4. Increase & abnormal mitotic activity
  5. Poorly formed blood vessels
  6. Necrosis and haemorrhage
  7. Metastasis to distant sites
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Top 2 characteristics of malignant tumour

A

The ability to infiltrate other tissues
The ability to metastasize

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which organs are common organs for distant metastasis?

A

Lungs, liver, brain (highly vascularised organs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Epithelial cancers are called

A

carcinomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Non-epithelial cancers with mesenchymal origin are called

A

sarcomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Tumours of glandular origin are called

A

adenoma (benign)
adenocarcinoma (malignant)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Papillary means

A

Tumour grows with frond-like pattern (long, thin, finger-like)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

lipoma is

A

benign fat tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

leiomyoma is

A

benign smooth muscle tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

rhabdomyoma is

A

benign skeletal muscle tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

liposarcoma is

A

malignant fat tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

leiomyosarcoma is

A

malignant smooth muscle tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

rhabdomyosarcoma is

A

malignant skeletal muscle tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

lymphomas, melanomas are malignant or benign tumours?

A

malignant tumours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the indications that the tumour is squamous cell origin?

A

keratin pearls, pave-mented appearance, intercellular bridging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what cell product indicates a glandular origin?

A

mucin

20
Q

Teratoma arises from

A

totipotent germ cell -> hair, teeth, fat, skin can be found

21
Q

Paraneoplastic syndrome is

A

effects occurring from not where the tumour arose

22
Q

epithelial dysplasia (disordered growth) means

A

premalignant lesion

23
Q

cervical dysplasia is caused by ____ and may progress to __________ and is a ______ killer

A

cervical dysplasia is caused by HPV and may progress to carcinoma in-situ and is a silent killer

24
Q

carcinoma in-situ means…

A

the tumour has NOT invaded the basement membrane; not invasive cancer

25
Q

is there a sarcoma in-situ?

A

no, mesenchymal cells are not bounded by basement membrane

26
Q

Grading of malignant tumours depends on…

A

their degree of differentiation

differentiation refers to the extent the tumour cells resemble the normal tissue

27
Q

grade 1: ____ differentiated
grade 2: ____ differentiated
grade 3: ____ differentiated

A

grade 1: well differentiated
grade 2: moderately differentiated
grade 3: poorly differentiated

28
Q

What are the ways for malignant cancer to metastasize?

A
  1. Local infiltration
  2. Hematogenous spread (through bloodstream)
  3. Lymphatic spread
  4. Spread through body cavities
29
Q

Perineural infiltration means…

A

tumour infiltrated into the space surrounding nerves

30
Q

Pagetoid spread means…

A

malignant epithelial cells can spread along the epidermis and other epithelial linings

31
Q

Staging of a tumour involves the…

A

TNM system

T - how big it is (for breast cancer) / how deep it invades (for gastric cancer)
N - number of lymph nodes affected
M - metastasis yes or no (0 or 1)

32
Q

Primitive (fetal/childhood) tumours are called…

A

blastomas

33
Q

Mature teratoma is _____ while immature teratoma is _____

A

Mature teratoma is benign while immature teratoma is malignant (can lead to rupture and torsion)

34
Q

Most carcinomas like to travel in

A

lymphatics

35
Q

Most sarcomas like to travel in

A

blood vessels

36
Q

What are the clinical effects of cancer?

A
  1. local effects
  2. hormonal effects
  3. cancer cachexia
  4. paraneoplastic syndromes

benign tumours can cause 1, 2 and 4

37
Q

What are the key genes often mutated in cancer?

A
  • proto-oncogenes
  • tumour suppressor genes
  • genes regulating apoptosis
  • genes regulating dna repair
  • genes that confer growth advantages
  • genes that maintain genomic stability
38
Q

Hallmark number 1: Growth signal autonomy

A

proto-oncogenes become oncogenes which drive proliferation of cells
- increase growth factors
- increase in growth factor receptors (HER2 increases in breast cancers)
- change in structure of growth factor receptors
- mutations of cell signalling molecules (mutations of RAS gene and BRAF and mutations that activate cyclin genes -> cells grow uncontrollably -> tumour)
- activation of transcription factors (MYC)

39
Q

Hallmark 2: Evading growth suppressors

A
  • inactivation of tumour suppressors retinoblastoma and p53
    retinoblastoma protein is a key negative regulator of G1/S cell cycle
  • loss of function mutation
  • shift from active hypophosphorylated state to inactive hyperphosphorylated state

loss of p53 function -> DNA damage goes unrepaired, accumulation of mutations

40
Q

Hallmark number 3: Resisting cell death

A

Mutation in BCL2 gene -> BCL2 protein is anti-apoptic

41
Q

Hallmark number 4: Replicative immortality

A

Cancer cells maintain the length of their telomeres by reactivating telomerase

42
Q

Hallmark number 5: Inducing angiogenesis

A

Cancer cells induce angiogenesis needed for tumour survival and expansion
Oncogenes up-regulate Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) -> stimulate angiogenesis

42
Q

Hallmark number 6: Activating invasion and metastasis

A

Cancer cells can invade and metastasize

43
Q

Hallmark number 7: Avoiding immune destruction

A

Tumour cells can express PD-L1 which binds to PD-1 receptor on T cells -> suppression of T-cell response

44
Q

Hallmark number 8: Reprogramming energy metabolism

A

Cancer cells have an altered metabolism where there is increased glucose uptake and fermentation of glucose to lactate

45
Q

Hallmark number 9: Genomic instability

A

Cancer cell -> DNA replication error cell -> continues to divide and passes mutation to daughter cells.
Loss of MMR proteins renders DNA mismatch repair inefficient -> increase mutation rate
Loss of MMR proteins can occur through:
- loss of function mutations
- DNA promoter hypermethylation of MLH1 gene

46
Q

Hallmark number 10: Tumour promoting inflammation

A

-

47
Q

What are the 6 main classes of cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs?

A
  1. Alkylating drugs
  2. Platinating drugs
  3. Anti-metabolites
  4. Cytotoxic Antibiotics
  5. Mitotic Inhibitors
  6. Topoisomerase Inhibitors

CA1 Extra Qns (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions