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cardiac pathology > patho > Flashcards

patho Flashcards

1
Q

what does diGeorge syndrome (thyamic aplasia) 22q deletion cause?

A

immunodeficiency, hypocalcemia, and conotruncal heart defects(ToF, TA, ToGV)

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2
Q

what usually accompanies PTA?

A

VSD

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3
Q

is ToGV compatible with life?

A

no unless a shunt is present(VSD, PDA, PFO or ASD)

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4
Q

tricuspid atresia viability requires ?

A

R2L(ASD) and L2R(VSD or PDA)

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5
Q

m\c cause of blue babies?

A

ToF

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6
Q

associations of TAPVR?

A

ASD and sometimes PDA (R2L)

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7
Q

Ebstein anomaly?

A

TR, WPW, right HF

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8
Q

large VSD complications?

A

LV overload and HF

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9
Q

PDA complicates as

A

RVH and\or LVH and HF

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10
Q

what causes differential cyanosis?

A

PDA

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11
Q

eisenmenger syndrome presents as

A

late cyanosis, clubbing, and PV

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12
Q

complications of coarctation of aorta

A

HF, berry aneurysms, aortic rupture, and possible endocarditis

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13
Q

fetal alchoholic syndrome

A

ASD, PDA, “VSD”, ToF

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14
Q

congenital rubella

A

PDA, pulmonary artery stenosis, and septal defects

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15
Q

Down syndrome

A

endocardial cushion defect(AV septal defect). VSD, ASD

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16
Q

maternal DM

A

ToGV and VSD

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17
Q

prenatal lithium exposure

A

ebstein anomaly

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18
Q

turner syndrome

A

Bicuspid Aortic valve, coarctation of aorta

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19
Q

Williams syndrome

A

supravalvuar aortic stenosis

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20
Q

HTN emergency EOD

A 
Neuro: stroke, papilledema, enceohalopathy, retinal hemorrhage and exudate.
CVS; MI, HF, aortic dissection
renal; AKI
uterus; eclampsia
hemato: MAHA
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21
Q

HTN complicates to

A

CVS; CAD, LVH, HF, Aortic aneurysm and dissection, and “ Afib
brain; stroke
CKD
retinopathy

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22
Q

pipestem appearance on x-ray

A

monckeberg sclerosis

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23
Q

if a known aortic aneurysm becomes painful

A

leaking, repture, or dissecting

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24
Q

thoracic aortic aneurysms required

A

cystic media necrosis (HTN, Marfan, 3 syphilis, turner “bicuspid aortic valve)

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25
Q

aortic repture

A

at isthmus due to trauma and\or decelerating injuries

26
Q

differential blood pressure between arms

A

aortic dissection

27
Q

management of stanford A &B AD

A

type A; surgery

type B; medical beta blockers then vasodialators

28
Q

Left main occlusion

A

ST‐elevation aVR

Diffuse ST depressions

29
Q

Posterior PDA

A
  • Anterior ST depressions with standard leads

* ST-elevation in posterior leads (V7‐V9)

30
Q

Cautions

• Beta blockers with Inferior MI (stimulates vagal nerve)

A

Bradycardia and AV block can develop

31
Q

don’t give • Nitrates if RCA causes RV infarction why

A
  • RV infarction → ↓ preload

* Nitrates ↓ preload→ hypotension

32
Q

what causes prinzmetal angina

A

smoking, cocaine, alcohol, triptans.

33
Q

what vasodilators can trigger coronary steal syndrome

A

dipyridamole and regadenoson

34
Q

what are the causes of sudden cardiac deathes

A

1-CAD in 70%
2-HCM
3-channelopathies (lond GT and brugada)
implant ICD

35
Q

Ischemic Pathologic Changes

A 
• Zero to 4 hrs
  No changes!
• 4 – 24 hrs
  Gross: apperars dark mottling and pale with 
  tetrazolium stain
  Micro: edema, hemorrhage, and wavy fibers 
• 1-3 days
  Gross: Hyperemia
  Micro:central necrosis with  Surrounding 
  tissue inflammation
• 3 – 14 days
  Gross: Central yellow-brown softening with hyperemic borders
  Micro: MP then Granulation tissue
• 2 weeks to months 
  Gross: Gray-white scar
  Micro: contracted Scar
36
Q

ECG localization

A 
anteroseptal (LAD) V1 & V2
anteroapical (distal LAD) V3 & V4
Anterolateral (LAD or LCX) V5 & V6
Lateral (LCX) I and aVL
inferior (RCA) II, II, and aVF
posterior (PDA) V7 & V8 with tall R and ST deprisson in V1-V3
37
Q

MR after MI

A

occurs 2-7 days due to PM muscle rupture PDA supply

38
Q

VSD after MI

A

3-5 days macrophages

39
Q

complications of pseudoaneurysms

A

arrhythmia, CO decreases, mural thrombi

40
Q

tamponade and free wall rupture after MI

A

5-14 days

LVH and previous MI are protective

41
Q

true aneurysms

A

dyskinasia (outward contraction

42
Q

what can cause LVF and pulmonary edema postMI

A

infarction, VSD, tamponade, MR

43
Q

Fabry disease

A 
• Lysosomal storage disease
• Deficiency of α-galactosidase A
• Accumulation of ceramide trihexoside
causes Restrictive Heart Disease
• Neuropathy, skin lesions, lack of sweat
• Left ventricular hypertrophy
44
Q

Loeffler’s syndrome

A

• Eosinophilic infiltration of myocardium
Common mode of death
• Acute phase
Myocarditis (often asymptomatic)
• Chronic phase
Endomyocardial fibrosis and myocyte death
Can see restrictive heart disease
Thrombus formation common (embolic stroke)

• Primary HES
Neoplastic disorder
Stem cell, myeloid, or eosinophilic neoplasm
• Secondary HES
Reactive process
Eosinophilic overproduction due to cytokines
Occurs in parasitic infections (ascaris lumbricoides)
Some tumors/lymphomas

45
Q

• Friedreich Ataxia

A
  • Autosomal recessive CNS disease
  • Trinucleotide repeat disorder
  • Spinocerebellar symptoms
  • Often have concentric left ventricular hypertrophy
  • Also septal hypertrophy
46
Q

• Pompe Disease

A
  • Glycogen storage disease (develops in infancy)
  • Acid alpha-glucosidase deficiency
  • Enlarged muscles, hypotonia
  • Cardiac enlargement
47
Q

iv drug abusers endocarditis

A

s aureus, Pseudomonas, and candida

48
Q

tertiary syphilis valve disease

A

calcific aortic root, ascending, descending and the arch

tree bark appearance of aorta (causes aneurysms)

49
Q

pulsus paradoxus

A

in tamponade,asthma, OSA, pericarditis and croup.

50
Q

what presentation is characteristic for myocarditis

A

persistent tachycardia out proportion to fever

51
Q

tuberous sclerosis

A

Autosomal dominant genetic syndrome
• Mutation in TSC1 or TSC2 gene
• TSC1: Hamartin
• TSC2: Tuberin
• Mutations → widespread tumor formation (Rhabdomyomas)
• Seizures – most common presenting feature
• “Ash leaf spots”: Pale, hypopigmented skin lesions
• Facial skin spots (angiofibromas)
• Mental retardation

52
Q

Takayaso presents as

A

fever, night sweat, arthritis, myalgia, skin nodules, and ocular disturbances

53
Q

Kawasaki (mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome)

A

CRASH and Burn give IVIgG and ASA(affects coronaries)

54
Q

PAN

A 
Fever, wt loss. malaise, headache
GI; melena and pain
renal'; HTN and artery spasm and microaneurysms
neurological dysfunction
cutaneous eruption
fibrinoid necrosis with string of pearls
55
Q

EGPA (CSD)

A

asthma, skin nodules, sinusitis, peripheral neuropathy.

GI, Renal(Paci-immune GN), Heart,

56
Q

GPA triad

A

focal Necrotizing vasculitis
necrotizing granuloma in lung and URT
necrotizing GN

57
Q

triad of HSP

A

palpable purpura
arthralgia
GI pain and intussusception

associated with IgA nephropathy (Buerger disease)

58
Q

MPA

A

Pauci-immune GN, palpable purpura, and lung involvement

59
Q

mixed cryoglobulinemia triad

A

palpable purpura, arhtralgia, and weakness

peripheral neuropathy and GN

60
Q

Behcet syndrome

A

HLA-B51, HSV and parvovirus
mouth, genital, ulcers
erythema nodosum, uveitis

61
Q

leukocytoclastic vasculitis (cutaneous small vessel vasculitis

A

7-10 days after drugs(penicillin, cephalosporins, phenytoins or allopurinol), HCV, HIV
no visceral involvement
immune-complex
late involvement indicates systematic vasculitis

62
Q

HHT (OSler-Weber-REndu)

A

skin telengactasia
mucus membrane: epistaxis, GI bleed, hematuria
AVMs

cardiac pathology (1 decks)

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