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Patho 2 > Patho 2 Final > Flashcards

Patho 2 Final Flashcards

1
Q

Ca+ entering from EX Cell fluid into the mitochondrial cytoplasm does

A

NOT require energy

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2
Q

Stable angina pectoris (blank) in significant elevated serum cardiac enzymes

A

Does NOT result

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3
Q

Most MI/ Myocardial Infarctions happen because of

A

ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE due to a partial blockage, complete blockage, or a thrombus

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4
Q

Chest pain that happens with exertion and is relived by rest is

A

Prinzemetal Angina

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5
Q

The main cause of heart failure is

A

Loss of myocardial cells (NO MATTER HOW THE CELLS WERE DAMAGED IN THE FIRST PLACE) (not all damage is MI)

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6
Q

CHF/ Congestive heart failure symtoms can be improved by DIGITALIS but…

A

It doesn’t actually change or improve patients conditions or survival odds
Digitalis just improves the quality of life by strengthening the hearts contractions, alleviating some of CHF symptoms

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7
Q

All forms of SHOCK at the end of the day are due to

A

Inadequate tissue profusion

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8
Q

Pulmonary Edema can occur because of

A

CARDIOGENIC FACTORS

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9
Q

Restrictive Pulmonary disease present with

A

SMALL TIDAL VOLUMES AND INCREASED RESP RATES

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10
Q

Empyema =

A

PUS
NOT LYMPH FLUIDS

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11
Q

ADH / Antidueretic hormone helps re absorption of (blank) at the collecting tubules

A

WATER

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12
Q

Healthy Adult Kidneys take about

A

1/4 of the total cardiac output of blood in any cardiac cycle

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13
Q

The PCT/ Proximal Convoluted tubules in the kidneys re-absorb

A

More than 10% of the good stuff back from the filtrate

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14
Q

Is Unilateral renal agenesis compatible with life?

A

(One kidney missing) Compatible with life

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15
Q

Is bilateral renal agenesis compatible with life?

A

(Both kidneys missing) NOT Compatible with life

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16
Q

Untreated strep can lead to

A

Glomerular Nephritis (inflammation)

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17
Q

When kidney profusion is compromised it leads to

A

PRE-Renal Acute renal failure
Pre renal ARF

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18
Q

Sympathetic NS activation will cause the bladder to

A

Bladder relaxation and internal sphincter contraction

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19
Q

Urinary tract infections most caused by

A

E-Coli

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20
Q

Patients with childhood Vesicoureteral reflux will tend to

A

Have more UTI’s as adults

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21
Q

What kind of muscle will you find in the longitudinal layer of the GI tract?

A

Smooth Muscle (NOT Straited/Skeletal muscle fibers)

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22
Q

Sympathetic NS activation will make your GI tract?

A

Slow down (decrease Motility)

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23
Q

Weakened Lower Esophageal sphincter muscle tone will

A

Make GERD worse

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24
Q

IBD Irritable bowel DISEASE includes

A

Crowns disease and Ulcerative colitis

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25
Q

DiverticulITIS

A

Is active inflammation and SYMPTOMATIC

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26
Q

DiverticulOSIS

A

Asymptomatic

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27
Q

Hepatitis A and E are spread through

A

Food, water, and contaminated surfaces (POOP)

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28
Q

The atria should be filling up with blood PROCEDING a

A

P WAVE on an EKG so we get a good atrial contraction

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29
Q

Heart Murmors should

A

Always be investigated (WARRANTS investigation)

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30
Q

During Systole (contraction)

A

The AV VALVES ARE ALWAYS CLOSED

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31
Q

Systolic Murmor it’s leaking from the?

A

Atrioventricular Valve (Mitral and Tricuspid)

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32
Q

During systole what valves should be open?

A

The aortic and Pulmonary valves

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33
Q

During Diastole (relaxation) what valves should be closed?

A

The Semi-lunar valves

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34
Q

So if theirs a Diastolic Murmor it’s from?

A

Semilunar valves (Aortic and Pulmonary valves)

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35
Q

What valves should be OPEN during Diastole (relaxation)

A

Mitral and tricuspid

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36
Q

Mitral Stenosis is

A

A pressure gradient across the Mitral valve

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37
Q

Aortic Regurgitation is a

A

MURMOR that happens during DIASTOLE

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38
Q

Cardiac muscle relaxation is

A

Energy requiring
Called Lusitropy
Digitalis won’t increase relaxation

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39
Q

Digitalis will increase relaxation
True or false

A

False- Digitalis will NOT increase relaxation

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40
Q

Cardiac muscle isn’t

A

Inhibited by cAMP/ Cyclic
Adenosine
monophosphate

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41
Q

Coronary artery spasm is called

A

prinzemetal Angina

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42
Q

A patient with history of MI, High levels of LDL is gonna have a higher risk for

A

Coronary artery disease

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43
Q

After a heart attack/MI most of the heart cells die because of

A

BOTH Apoptosis and Necrosis

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44
Q

A Murmor heard through SYSTOLE has to be

A

AV valve leaking (Mitral Regurgitation)

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45
Q

Right ventricular Hypertrophy is a compensatory mechanism for

A

Pulmonary hypertension or stenosis

46
Q

Lusitropy/Lusitropic impairment is a

A

Diastolic relaxation issue

47
Q

Second degree heart block
Type 1:

A

The P and QRS gets successively longer then resets and repeated ( We Don’t Treat It)

48
Q

second Degree Heart block
Type 2:

A

We have P>P>P>P> QRS>P>P>T>P
Cardiac output goes to hell (Treat with a PCEMAKER)

49
Q

If on Digitalis patient needs to

A

Regular labs to monitor POTASIUM/K+ levels

50
Q

Elderly Patient develops moderate Lower Extremity edema after sitting for an hour patient is likely in

A

RIGHT Sided Heart Failure

51
Q

Systemic Inflammatory response to INFECTION is what?

A

SEPSIS

52
Q

Post Valve Replacement surgery, patient is Hypotensive and Tachycardiac, heart sounds muffled, ventral vs left arteriole pressures high and equal blah blah blah…

A

OBSTRUCTIVE SHOCK or Cardiogenic shock

53
Q

Patient with cold extremities low cardiac output is NOT experiencing

A

SEPSIS

54
Q

Obstructive shock causes would include

A

Embolism
Tampanade
Tension pneumothorax

55
Q

Shock caused by a ruptured ventricle will not be which shock?

A

Obstructive shock

56
Q

Tachycardia is an early sign of low heart output that happens because of

A

Baroreceptors responding to something

57
Q

Respiratory gas diffusion happens in the?

A

Alveoli

58
Q

Conduction happens in?

A

Pharynx, Trachea, or bronchioles

59
Q

The base of the lungs has the what compared to the rest of the lungs?

A

Greatest blood flow

60
Q

What do peripheral chemoreceptors handle?

A

Our hypoxic drive to breathe

61
Q

When standing upright in standard anatomical position ventilation will happen better at the ?

A

Diaphragmatic areas/base of the lungs

62
Q

In the lateral decubitus position (laying on side) where will perfusion happen best?

A

Dependent lung/ on the bottom

63
Q

What does the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shift show?

A

Affinity of O2 to our hemoglobin

64
Q

Young healthy junky is in a car accident, and is hospitalized for 4-5 days with a broken leg and out of no where starts hyperventilating and gasping for air. What’s likely going on?

A

Pulmonary embolism (even if we can’t see this on imaging)

65
Q

Patients blood gas show alkalemia, is nearing hyperventilation, which is going to what?

A

Decrease O2 delivery to tissues

66
Q

Extrinsic/ Allergy induced asthma will show

A

IgE mediated airway inflammation

67
Q

Patient has a bunch of nasty ass phlegm that smells horrid. What does this indicate

A

Indicates Bronchiectasis

68
Q

Cor Pulmonale from chronic Bronchitis is from

A

Increased pulmonary vascular resistance

69
Q

A child with asthma does a pulmonary function screening which affirms the asthma diagnosis. What will it show?

A

Reduced FeV1

70
Q

Extrinsic asthma

A

Allergies (Jimbo)

71
Q

Patient with dyspnea (trouble breathing) normal blood PH, normal CO2, blah blah blah and SaO2 of 90%

A

Give O2

72
Q

Pulmonary Tuberculosis is caused by

A

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

73
Q

Tuberculosis symptoms include

A

Productive cough
Low grade fever
Night sweats
NOT CYANOSIS

74
Q

In the kidneys the vasa recta wraps around the nephrons dropp

A
75
Q

What would increase GFR?

A

Increase in our glomerular hydrostatic pressure

76
Q

Most important physiological regulator of GFR

A

Blood volume

77
Q

Acute pylonephritis would have

A

Polyuria

78
Q

What would warrant an evaluation for renal cancer?

A

Painless hematuria

79
Q

Salty pee ( high urine sodium)

A

Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)

80
Q

Osteodystrohpy occurs with End Stage Renal Disease

A

Pre Vit D issue

81
Q

Patient has pre renal Oliguria (low urine levels)

A

Fluid administration

82
Q

Renal disease is at risk for developing uremia due to

A

Drop in GRR/ GFR declines

83
Q

What would be an appropriate management of ESRD

A

Erythropoietin administration

84
Q

Stress incontienence

A

Pelvic floor muscle weakness

85
Q

UTI

A

Sexually active women

86
Q

Pancreas’s and Salivary glands both

A

Secrete amylase

87
Q

Primary stimulation for pancreatic secretions is

A

Secretin

88
Q

Brushboarder cells are found in the

A

Intestinal epithelia

89
Q

(Blank) is absorbed through intestinal epithelia and doesn’t need to be broken down any further

A

Glucose

90
Q

Exocrine Pancreatic Secretions are highly concentrated with

A

Bicarbonate Ions

91
Q

Patient with acute, right sided, lower quadrant pain, with rebound tenderness upon palpation, probably has

A

Appendicitis
(Not peritonitis because it’s not always associated with rebound pain)

92
Q

If you are unable to get solids and liquids all the way into the stomach after swallowing, you have (some kind of)

A

failure of the Lower Esophageal Sphincter

93
Q

What are gallstones made of?

A

Cholesterol

94
Q

A patient with Pancreatitis may experience:

A

Swollen abdomen
Nausea and vomiting
Fever
(i.e. All of the above)

95
Q

Patient with Elevated Liver Transaminase and has their AST<ALT elevated in a 2:1 ratio

A

Indicates Alcohol induced Liver damage

96
Q

What is not a function of the liver?

A

Metabolism of Renin

97
Q

Deficits in (Blank) can cause Nystagmus, Retinal Disorders, Cleft Palate, etc.

A

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

98
Q

Upregulation of target cell receptors leads to (What) to a hormone

A

increased target cell responsiveness

99
Q

Growth hormone helps to

A

increase lean body mass

100
Q

Growth Hormone stimulates the Liver to release

A

Somatomedins, aka Insulin Growth Factor 1

101
Q

Which of the following is not released from the Anterior Pituitary

A

Oxytocin

102
Q

In the blood stream (Blank) are bound to protein carriers

A

Thyroid Hormones

103
Q

Synthesis of Thyroid Hormones is…

A

hindered by Iodine deficiencies

104
Q

Pateints with Grave Disease will likely have

A

Tremors

104
Q

Graves disease is associated with

A

auto-antibodies to TSH receptors

104
Q

Both Type 1 and 2 diabetes results from

A

impairment or inability to transport glucose into the cells

104
Q

clinical manifestation of HYPO-Parathyroidism will show

A

decreased serum ionized calcium / Ca+

104
Q

Hypoglycemic Reaction =

A

Trembling hands

105
Q

Type II Diabetes is associated with

A

non-ketotic hyper osmolality

105
Q

Diabetes is linked to highest perinatal mortality and congenital abnormalities

A

Type 1 diabetes

105
Q

best test to monitor long term diabetes mellitus

A

Monitoring A1C / Glycosylated Hemoglobin Levels

Patho 2 (1 decks)

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