Patho 2 Final Flashcards by Gabe Harjo

Ca+ entering from EX Cell fluid into the mitochondrial cytoplasm does

NOT require energy

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Stable angina pectoris (blank) in significant elevated serum cardiac enzymes

Does NOT result

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Most MI/ Myocardial Infarctions happen because of

ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE due to a partial blockage, complete blockage, or a thrombus

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Chest pain that happens with exertion and is relived by rest is

Prinzemetal Angina

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The main cause of heart failure is

Loss of myocardial cells (NO MATTER HOW THE CELLS WERE DAMAGED IN THE FIRST PLACE) (not all damage is MI)

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CHF/ Congestive heart failure symtoms can be improved by DIGITALIS but…

It doesn’t actually change or improve patients conditions or survival odds
Digitalis just improves the quality of life by strengthening the hearts contractions, alleviating some of CHF symptoms

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All forms of SHOCK at the end of the day are due to

Inadequate tissue profusion

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Pulmonary Edema can occur because of

CARDIOGENIC FACTORS

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Restrictive Pulmonary disease present with

SMALL TIDAL VOLUMES AND INCREASED RESP RATES

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Empyema =

PUS
NOT LYMPH FLUIDS

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ADH / Antidueretic hormone helps re absorption of (blank) at the collecting tubules

WATER

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Healthy Adult Kidneys take about

1/4 of the total cardiac output of blood in any cardiac cycle

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The PCT/ Proximal Convoluted tubules in the kidneys re-absorb

More than 10% of the good stuff back from the filtrate

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Is Unilateral renal agenesis compatible with life?

(One kidney missing) Compatible with life

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Is bilateral renal agenesis compatible with life?

(Both kidneys missing) NOT Compatible with life

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Untreated strep can lead to

Glomerular Nephritis (inflammation)

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When kidney profusion is compromised it leads to

PRE-Renal Acute renal failure
Pre renal ARF

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Sympathetic NS activation will cause the bladder to

Bladder relaxation and internal sphincter contraction

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Urinary tract infections most caused by

E-Coli

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Patients with childhood Vesicoureteral reflux will tend to

Have more UTI’s as adults

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What kind of muscle will you find in the longitudinal layer of the GI tract?

Smooth Muscle (NOT Straited/Skeletal muscle fibers)

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Sympathetic NS activation will make your GI tract?

Slow down (decrease Motility)

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Weakened Lower Esophageal sphincter muscle tone will

Make GERD worse

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IBD Irritable bowel DISEASE includes

Crowns disease and Ulcerative colitis

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DiverticulITIS

Is active inflammation and SYMPTOMATIC

DiverticulOSIS

Asymptomatic

Hepatitis A and E are spread through

Food, water, and contaminated surfaces (POOP)

The atria should be filling up with blood PROCEDING a

P WAVE on an EKG so we get a good atrial contraction

Heart Murmors should

Always be investigated (WARRANTS investigation)

During Systole (contraction)

The AV VALVES ARE ALWAYS CLOSED

Systolic Murmor it’s leaking from the?

Atrioventricular Valve (Mitral and Tricuspid)

During systole what valves should be open?

The aortic and Pulmonary valves

During Diastole (relaxation) what valves should be closed?

The Semi-lunar valves

So if theirs a Diastolic Murmor it’s from?

Semilunar valves (Aortic and Pulmonary valves)

What valves should be OPEN during Diastole (relaxation)

Mitral and tricuspid

Mitral Stenosis is

A pressure gradient across the Mitral valve

Aortic Regurgitation is a

MURMOR that happens during DIASTOLE

Cardiac muscle relaxation is

Energy requiring Called Lusitropy Digitalis won’t increase relaxation

Digitalis will increase relaxation True or false

False- Digitalis will NOT increase relaxation

Cardiac muscle isn’t

Inhibited by cAMP/ Cyclic Adenosine monophosphate

Coronary artery spasm is called

prinzemetal Angina

A patient with history of MI, High levels of LDL is gonna have a higher risk for

Coronary artery disease

After a heart attack/MI most of the heart cells die because of

BOTH Apoptosis and Necrosis

A Murmor heard through SYSTOLE has to be

AV valve leaking (Mitral Regurgitation)

Right ventricular Hypertrophy is a compensatory mechanism for

Pulmonary hypertension or stenosis

Lusitropy/Lusitropic impairment is a

Diastolic relaxation issue

Second degree heart block Type 1:

The P and QRS gets successively longer then resets and repeated ( We Don’t Treat It)

second Degree Heart block Type 2:

We have P>P>P>P> QRS>P>P>T>P Cardiac output goes to hell (Treat with a PCEMAKER)

If on Digitalis patient needs to

Regular labs to monitor POTASIUM/K+ levels

Elderly Patient develops moderate Lower Extremity edema after sitting for an hour patient is likely in

RIGHT Sided Heart Failure

Systemic Inflammatory response to INFECTION is what?

SEPSIS

Post Valve Replacement surgery, patient is Hypotensive and Tachycardiac, heart sounds muffled, ventral vs left arteriole pressures high and equal blah blah blah…

OBSTRUCTIVE SHOCK or Cardiogenic shock

Patient with cold extremities low cardiac output is NOT experiencing

SEPSIS

Obstructive shock causes would include

Embolism Tampanade Tension pneumothorax

Shock caused by a ruptured ventricle will not be which shock?

Obstructive shock

Tachycardia is an early sign of low heart output that happens because of

Baroreceptors responding to something

Respiratory gas diffusion happens in the?

Alveoli

Conduction happens in?

Pharynx, Trachea, or bronchioles

The base of the lungs has the what compared to the rest of the lungs?

Greatest blood flow

What do peripheral chemoreceptors handle?

Our hypoxic drive to breathe

When standing upright in standard anatomical position ventilation will happen better at the ?

Diaphragmatic areas/base of the lungs

In the lateral decubitus position (laying on side) where will perfusion happen best?

Dependent lung/ on the bottom

What does the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shift show?

Affinity of O2 to our hemoglobin

Young healthy junky is in a car accident, and is hospitalized for 4-5 days with a broken leg and out of no where starts hyperventilating and gasping for air. What’s likely going on?

Pulmonary embolism (even if we can’t see this on imaging)

Patients blood gas show alkalemia, is nearing hyperventilation, which is going to what?

Decrease O2 delivery to tissues

Extrinsic/ Allergy induced asthma will show

IgE mediated airway inflammation

Patient has a bunch of nasty ass phlegm that smells horrid. What does this indicate

Indicates Bronchiectasis

Cor Pulmonale from chronic Bronchitis is from

Increased pulmonary vascular resistance

A child with asthma does a pulmonary function screening which affirms the asthma diagnosis. What will it show?

Reduced FeV1

Extrinsic asthma

Allergies (Jimbo)

Patient with dyspnea (trouble breathing) normal blood PH, normal CO2, blah blah blah and SaO2 of 90%

Give O2

Pulmonary Tuberculosis is caused by

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis symptoms include

Productive cough Low grade fever Night sweats NOT CYANOSIS

In the kidneys the vasa recta wraps around the nephrons dropp

What would increase GFR?

Increase in our glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Most important physiological regulator of GFR

Blood volume

Acute pylonephritis would have

Polyuria

What would warrant an evaluation for renal cancer?

Painless hematuria

Salty pee ( high urine sodium)

Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)

Osteodystrohpy occurs with End Stage Renal Disease

Pre Vit D issue

Patient has pre renal Oliguria (low urine levels)

Fluid administration

Renal disease is at risk for developing uremia due to

Drop in GRR/ GFR declines

What would be an appropriate management of ESRD

Erythropoietin administration

Stress incontienence

Pelvic floor muscle weakness

UTI

Sexually active women

Pancreas’s and Salivary glands both

Secrete amylase

Primary stimulation for pancreatic secretions is

Secretin

Brushboarder cells are found in the

Intestinal epithelia

(Blank) is absorbed through intestinal epithelia and doesn’t need to be broken down any further

Glucose

Exocrine Pancreatic Secretions are highly concentrated with

Bicarbonate Ions

Patient with acute, right sided, lower quadrant pain, *with rebound tenderness* upon palpation, probably has

Appendicitis (Not peritonitis because it’s not always associated with rebound pain)

If you are unable to get solids and liquids all the way into the stomach after swallowing, you have (some kind of)

failure of the Lower Esophageal Sphincter

What are gallstones made of?

Cholesterol

A patient with Pancreatitis may experience:

Swollen abdomen Nausea and vomiting Fever (i.e. All of the above)

Patient with Elevated Liver Transaminase and has their AST

Indicates Alcohol induced Liver damage

What is not a function of the liver?

Metabolism of Renin

Deficits in (Blank) can cause Nystagmus, Retinal Disorders, Cleft Palate, etc.

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

Upregulation of target cell receptors leads to (What) to a hormone

increased target cell responsiveness

Growth hormone helps to

increase lean body mass

Growth Hormone stimulates the Liver to release

Somatomedins, aka Insulin Growth Factor 1

Which of the following is not released from the Anterior Pituitary

Oxytocin

In the blood stream (Blank) are bound to protein carriers

Thyroid Hormones

Synthesis of Thyroid Hormones is...

hindered by Iodine deficiencies

Pateints with Grave Disease will likely have

Tremors

Graves disease is associated with

auto-antibodies to TSH receptors

Both Type 1 and 2 diabetes results from

impairment or inability to transport glucose into the cells

clinical manifestation of HYPO-Parathyroidism will show

decreased serum ionized calcium / Ca+

Hypoglycemic Reaction =

Trembling hands

Type II Diabetes is associated with

non-ketotic hyper osmolality

Diabetes is linked to highest perinatal mortality and congenital abnormalities

Type 1 diabetes

best test to monitor long term diabetes mellitus

Monitoring A1C / Glycosylated Hemoglobin Levels