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Block 6 Exam > Patho > Flashcards

Patho Flashcards

1
Q

{{BLANK}} Can present as a freely, moving well circumscribed rubbery, mass premenopausal, female

A

Fibroadenoma

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2
Q

{{BLANK}} Can present as mammographic calcifications without density or palpable mass in postmenopausal females

A

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)

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3
Q

{{BLANK}} Can present as a lumpy bumpy breast in a premenopausal female?

A

Fibrocystic changes

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4
Q

{{BLANK}} Mutation is associated with triple negative breast cancer in premenopausal women

A

BRCA1

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5
Q

{{BLANK}} Mutation is associated with ER+/HER2- breast cancer in premenopausal females

A

BRCA2

Also assoc. w/ male breast cancer

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6
Q

{{BLANK}} is associated with a bleeding nipple any premenopausal female

A

Introductal papilloma

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7
Q

{{BLANK}} can present as a fixed mass in a post-menopausal female

A

Invasive ductal carcinoma, NST

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8
Q

{{BLANK}} is assoc. w/ a subareolar enlargement in a male w/ alcoholic cirrhosis

A

Gynecomastia

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9
Q

{{BLANK}} is assoc. w/ a breast mass in a premanopausal female w/ Li-Fraumeni syndrome

A

HER2+ breast cancer

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10
Q

{{BLANK}} can present in a cigarette smoker as an areolar fistula

A

Periductal mastitis

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11
Q

{{BLANK}} is assoc. w/ white nipple secretion in a middle-aged woman w/ poorly defined mass

A

Mammary duct ectasia

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12
Q

{{BLANK}} of the nipple is assoc. w/ a crusty nipple w/ underlying DCIS or invasive carcinoma

A

Paget’s disease of the nipple

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13
Q

{{BLANK}} is assoc. w/ breast metastases to peritoneum and retroperitoneum w/ loss of E-cadherin

A

Invasive lobular carcinoma

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14
Q

In the absence of distant metastases, what is the next most important prognostic factor?

A

Presence or absence of lymph node metastases

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15
Q

When metastases are found in the breast, they are likely from?

A

Contralateral breast

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16
Q

Forcible retraction of the foreskin leading to painful swelling.

A

Paraphimosis

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17
Q

Local inflammation of the glans penis

A

Balanitis

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18
Q

Urethral opening on the dorsal surface of the penis

A

Epispadias

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19
Q

Inability to retract the foreskin

A

Phimosis

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20
Q

Inflammation of the glans penis and overlying prepuce

A

Balanoposthitis

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21
Q

Urethral opening on the ventral surface of the penis

A

Hypospadias

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22
Q

Carcinoma in situ on glans penis

A

Erythroplasia of Queyrat

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23
Q

Reddish-brown pigmented papules on penile shaft due to HPV infection

A

Bowenoid papulosis

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24
Q

Failure of testicular descent

A

Cryptochidism

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25
Q

{{BLANK}} usually occurs in sexually active men < 35 yo; epididymitis that may lead to abscess or suppurative orchitis

A

Neisseria gonorrhea

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26
Q

{{BLANK}} increases orchitis risk in post-pubertal males, but uncommon in school-aged children

A

Mumps

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27
Q

{{BLANK}} is the most common cause of epididymitis/orchitis and chronic bacterial prostatitis in men > 35 yo

A

E. coli

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28
Q

{{BLANK}} is assoc. w/ genitoprostatitis producing caseating granulomas

A

Tuberculosis

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29
Q

{{BLANK}} may lead to Bowen disease or penile squamous cell carcinoma

A

HPV

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30
Q

{{BLANK}} is the most common cause of granulomatous prostatitis in the US

A

Bacillus Calmette-Guerin

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31
Q

{{BLANK}} is an urologic emergency; may result in loss of testicular viability if untreated

A

Testicular torsion

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32
Q

{{BLANK}} is the accumulation of serous fluid in tunica vaginalis

A

Hydrocele

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33
Q

{{BLANK}} may signal renal cell carcinoma infiltrating renal vein or inferior vena cava

A

Varicocele

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34
Q

Seminomas never express {{BLANK}}

A

AFP

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35
Q

{{BLANK}} is more likely to spread to lymph nodes versus other germ-cell tumors (GCTs)

A

Seminomas

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36
Q

{{BLANK}} metastasize late versus germ cell tumors (GCTs)

A

Seminomas

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37
Q

{{BLANK}} are larger than other germ cell tumors (GCTs)

A

Seminomas

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38
Q

{{BLANK}} are radiosensitive versus other germ cell tumors (GCTs)

A

Seminomas

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39
Q

{{BLANK}} always express AFP; in pure form, most common before 3 yo

A

Endodermal sinus tumor

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40
Q

{{BLANK}} are a primary neoplasm of testis in elderly men; no AFP or hCG production

A

Spermatocytic seminoma

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41
Q

{{BLANK}} occur frequently in mixed tumors, with a mix of differentiated cells; they are benign in children

A

Teratomas

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42
Q

{{BLANK}} are most likely to cause gynecomastia in adults, sexual precocity in children

A

Leydig cell tumors

43
Q

{{BLANK}} is a radiosensitive tumor, sometimes expressing hCG

A

Seminoma

44
Q

{{BLANK}} express hCG; not radiosensitive or chemosensitive

A

Choriocarcinoma

45
Q

{{BLANK}} is aggressive but chemosensitive; express markers of tumors mixed w/ them

A

Embryonal carcinoma

46
Q

{{BLANK}} is most critical in the pathogenesis of BPH

A

Dihydrotestosterone

47
Q

{{BLANK}} is most critical in the evolution of prostate cancer

A

Testosterone

48
Q

{{BLANK}} is the most common presentation of prostate adenocarcinoma Dx’d in the US this year.

A

Asymptomatic

49
Q

A 3 yo male is evaluated for flank pain and chronic pyelonephritis and found to have hydronephrosis of the left kidney. What is the most likely cause of hydronephrosis in this patient?

A

Ureteropelvic junction obstruction

50
Q

{{BLANK}} is due to developmental failure that causes the bladder to protrude inside-out through the abdominal wall

A

Exstrophy

51
Q

{{BLANK}} is a pouch-like evagination of the bladder wall

A

Diverticula

52
Q

{{BLANK}} is cystitis that mimics a UTI but no organism is ever found

A

Interstitial cystitis

53
Q

{{BLANK}} is assoc. w/ schistosoma haemotobium infection

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

54
Q

{{BLANK}} is associated with bladder exstrophy

A

Adenocarcinoma of the bladder

55
Q

{{BLANK}} is the predominant type of bladder cancer in the USA

A

Urothelial cancer

56
Q

{{BLANK}} are hexagonal strones assoc. w/ impaired reabsorption of cystine, ornithine, lysine, and arginine

A

Cystine stones

57
Q

{{BLANK}} are formed in low pH environments and are radiolucent

A

Uric Acid stones

58
Q

{{BLANK}} are caused by UTIs w/ urease positive organisms

A

MAP (Struvite) stones

59
Q

{{BLANK}} stones are assoc. w/ hyperparathyroidism

A

Calcium phosphate

60
Q

{{BLANK}} stones are the most common envelope shaped stones

A

Calcium oxalate

61
Q

{{BLANK}} stones are formed in alkaline media

A

MAP & CAP

62
Q

What is the most common type of bladder cancer?

A

Urothelial carcinoma

63
Q

What is seen in Vitamin B12 deficiency (compared to folate)?

A

MMA elevations

64
Q

Which finding is universal to anemias that are due to diminished erythropoiesis?

A

Reticulocytopenia

65
Q

{{BLANK}} anemia is due to growth of tumors or other lesions replacing the bone marrow

A

Myelophthisic anemia

66
Q

{{BLANK}} displays light sensitivity

A

Porphyria

67
Q

{{BLANK}} anemia can result in numbness and tingling in feet and hands

A

Vitamin B12 deficiency

68
Q

In {{BLANK}} deficiency, there is a lack of cofactor needed for methionine synthase and isomerization of methylmalonyl coenzyme A

A

Vitamin B12 deficiency

69
Q

{{BLANK}} anemia occurs when bone marrow stem cells are antigenically altered or have mutations that lead to their disappearance or failure

A

Aplastic anemia

70
Q

{{BLANK}} deficiency may be assoc. w/ proximal jejunum malabsorption

A

Folate deficiency

71
Q

{{BLANK}} results from a genetic mutation in cytoplasmic heme pathway enzymes

A

Porphyria

72
Q

{{BLANK}} deficiency anemia in the U.S. adult men and post-menopausal women, most commonly due to chronic blood loss

A

Iron deficiency anemia

73
Q

In {{BLANK}} anemia, there is a mutation or chemical that causes mitochondrial iron accumulation rather than heme synthesis

A

Sideroblastic anemia

74
Q

In {{BLANK}}, hepcidin prevents release of iron from storage pools

A

Anemia of chronic disease

75
Q

In {{BLANK}}, the patient has low serum iron but high serum ferritin

A

Anemia of chronic disease

76
Q

{{BLANK}} anemia can be caused by osteosclerosis, metastatic cancer, or lipid storage disease

A

Myelophthisic anemia

77
Q

{{BLANK}} can stain mitochondria of sideroblastic anemia

A

Prussian blue

78
Q

The most common form of {{BLANK}} anemia is inherited in Fanconi anemia

A

Aplastic anemia

79
Q

{{BLANK}} renal cysts are more common, acquired cyst usually asymptomatic and usually and incidental finding

A

Simple renal cysts

80
Q

{{BLANK}} renal cysts are acquired, symptomatic w/ pain, hematuria and HTN and must be investigated

A

Complex renal cysts

81
Q

Histopathology of simple renal cysts include:

A

cystic membranes, single layer cuboidal cells

82
Q

Histopathology of complex renal cysts:

A

Thicker multicellular wall w/ solid components inside the cells

83
Q

Radiographic features of complex cysts include:

A

Multilobulated cysts w/ irregular septations

84
Q

ADPKD can cause numerous and varied medical issues, in addition to kidney cysts. Which of the following is a medical condition found in ≥50% of people w/ PKD when PKD is first diagnosed?

A

HTN

85
Q

Waxy casts are seen in…

A

ESRD/CKD

86
Q

What are the most common causes of CKD?

A

DM, HTN, glomerulonephritis

87
Q

What does glomerular scarring in CKD display?

A

Complete replacement of virtually all glomeruli by collagen

88
Q

Renal cell carcinomas are derived from?

A

PCT epithelium

89
Q

The clear cell pattern of renal cell carcinoma is due to?

A

Glycogen and/or lipid-filled cytoplasm

90
Q

Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome is characterized by?

A
  • Hemangioblastomas of the brain
  • Clear cell renal cell carcinoma
  • Pheochromocytoma
91
Q

Thin, split basement membrane describes:

A

Alport’s syndrome

92
Q

{{BLANK}} is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children

A

Minimal change disease

93
Q

{{BLANK}} describes nephrotic syndrome in a patient w/ colon cancer

A

Cancer-associated membranous glomerulonephritis

94
Q

{{BLANK}} described by patchy sclerosis of glomeruli associated w/ heroin use & HIV infection

A

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

95
Q

{{BLANK}} is assoc. w/ production of a nephritic factor that stabilizes C3 convertase

A

Dense deposit disease

96
Q

What is common to both nephritic and nephrotic disease?

A

Proteinuria

97
Q

A 25 yo African-American male is found to have proteinuria during a routine check-up. Renal biopsy shows segmental sclerosis and hyalinosis of the glomeruli. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

FSGS

98
Q

{{BLANK}} presents selective loss of albumin in urine assoc. w/ anion loss of GBM

A

Minimal change disease

99
Q

Subendothelial deposits and tram track appearance on silver stain are indicative of?

A

Type I Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

100
Q

Effacement of podocyte foot processes w/o immune complex deposition is assoc. w/?

A

Minimal change disease

101
Q

Renal biopsy shows a thickened glomerular basement membrane w/ spikes on silver stain?

A

Membranous nephropathy

102
Q

{{BLANK}} nephropathy is assoc. w/ sub-epithelial immune complex deposition; frequently assoc. w/ hepatitis infection

A

Membranous nephropathy

103
Q

{{BLANK}} is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adult U.S. blacks

A

Focal segmental glomerulonephritis

104
Q

What is universal to nephrotic syndromes?

A

Loss of podocyte foot processes

Block 6 Exam (3 decks)

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