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Patho > Patho 1 Test > Flashcards

Patho 1 Test Flashcards

1
Q

What is the BEST indicator of fluid status?

A

Serial daily weights

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2
Q

Hypoxic injury

A

Most common cellular injury

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3
Q

Hypoxia

A

Lack of oxygen

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4
Q

Ischemia

A

Reduction in the blood supply

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5
Q

Pressure ulcers/sores

What areas are most at risk? And who are they common in?

A
  • result from ischemic injury
  • areas most at risk are bony prominences -> greater trochanter/hips, sacrum, ischia

Common in: elderly, overweight, diabetic, immobile people, quadriplegics

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6
Q

Signs and symptoms of cellular injury

A
  • Fatigue and malaise
  • loss of well being
  • altered appetite
  • fever
  • Increased pulse
  • pain
  • increases cellular enzymes in plasma from damaged tissue
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7
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Result of autodigestion which follows cellular death

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8
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Cells in a suicide mission, affects scattered single cells

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9
Q

What is somatic death?

A

When the whole organism is dead

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10
Q

Signs and symptoms of death

A
  • no respiration
  • no circulation
  • no muscle movement
  • reduction in body temp (algor mortis)
  • pupil dilation
  • flat EEG
  • sphincter relaxation
  • loss of skin elasticity
  • muscle stiffening (rigor mortis)
  • skin discoloration (livor mortis)
  • blood pooling
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11
Q

Essential lab values

A

Sodium (Na): 135-145
Potassium (K): 3.5-5.0
Calcium (Ca): 8.80-10.5

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12
Q

Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RASS)

A
  1. Renin- secreted when total blood flow is perceived to be low by the kidneys
  2. Renin converts angiotensinogen from kidney to the liver
  3. angiotensinogen I causes some increase in blood pressure
  4. ACE in lungs converts it to angiotensinogen II which causes a great increase in Blood pressure
  5. Stimulates aldosterone secretion which saves sodium
  6. increased ADH released which saves water
  7. Increased volume = increased blood pressure from additional volume
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13
Q

Isotonic dehydration

A

Water and electrolytes lost together so lab looks normal

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14
Q

Signs and symptoms of dehydration

A
  • Heart rate is weak/thready
  • low blood pressure & low bloop pressure when patient stands
  • flat neck and hand veins
  • poor skin turgor
  • dry mucous membranes
  • decreased urine output
  • increased thirst
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15
Q

Signs and symptoms of over hydration

A
  • increased and bounding pulse
  • distended neck and veins
  • elevated blood pressure
  • acute weight gain (more than 2lbs in a day)
  • pitting edema in depending areas
  • shallow respiration and moist/fine crackles if pulmonary edema occurs
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16
Q

Potassium

A
  • major intercellular cation

- 80% is lost in urine daily

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17
Q

Hypokalemia

A
  • Potassium levels less than 3.5
  • cardiac diary this’s can occur under 3.0

Remember: K KILLS!

18
Q

Causes of Hypokalemia

A
  • medications: diuretics

- NG suctioning

19
Q

Signs and symptoms of Hypokalemia

A
  • irregular pulse, usually rapid, also thready and weak
  • EKG changes
  • muscle skeletal cramps or pain
20
Q

Hyperkalemia

A
  • Potassium levels above 5.0
  • EKG changes when over 6.0
  • makes heart work too much, thus causing tachycardia
21
Q

Signs and symptoms of Hyperkalemia

A
  • irregular pulse, usually slow
  • EKG changes
  • increased GI motility, hyperactive bowl sounds, explosive diarrhea
22
Q

Causes of Hyperkalemia

A
  • renal (kidney) failure

- excessive intake of Potassium in diet

23
Q

Sodium

A
  • Na is the major extra cellular cation (lives outside the cell)
  • normal levels: 135-145
  • regulated by kidney through Hormones: aldosterone & ADH (RASS)
24
Q

Hyponatremia

A
  • Sodium BELOW 135
25
Q

Causes of Hyponatremia

A
  • excessive diaphoresis (excessive sweating)
  • diuretics
  • hyperglycemia
26
Q

Signs and symptoms of Hyponatremia

A
  • rapid pulse
  • personality changes: irritability and confusion
  • seizures when below 120
  • death below 115
27
Q

Hypernatremia

A

-Sodium over 145

28
Q

Causes of Hypernatremia

A
  • deficient water intake (not enough water)

- congestive heart failure (CHF)

29
Q

Signs and symptoms of Hypernatremia

A
  • thirst
  • dry sticky tongue and oral mucosa
  • tachycardia
30
Q

Calcium

A

Normal values: 8.8-10.5

31
Q

Hypocalcemia

A
  • BELOW 8.8 mEq

- Phosphorus level will be increased

32
Q

Causes of Hypocalcemia

A
  • Acute or chronic renal failure
  • insufficient intake of Vitamin D
  • hypoparathyroidism (parathyroid stops working)
33
Q

Signs and symptoms of Hypocalcemia

A
  • muscle cramps & tremors
  • paresthesia of fingers and toes (tingling)
  • trousseaus sign (carpal spasms)
  • chvostecks sign (facial spasms)
34
Q

Hypercalcemia

A
  • Calcium more than 10.5 mEq

- faster clotting times

35
Q

Signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia

A
  • disorientation
  • bone pain
  • increased urine output and renal calculi (kidney stones)
36
Q

Key concepts of acid base balance

A
  • Remember: pH is based on the ratio of bicarbonate ions to carbonic acid as long as is 20:1 is in balance
37
Q

Normal ABG’s

A
  • pH: 7.35 to 7.45
  • PaO2: over 80%
  • PaCo2: 35 to 45
  • HCO3 (bicarbonate): 22 to 26
  • oxygen saturation: at least 95%
38
Q

Acidosis

A

-pH is LOW or less than 7.35

39
Q

To find whether acidosis or alkalosis & metabolic or respiratory

A
  1. Look at pH -> tell acidosis or alkalosis (under 7.35 = acidosis & over 7.45 = alkalosis)
  2. look at PaCO2 -> tells if it’s respiratory or not (if it’s respiratory acidosis, it’ll be MORE than 45, if it’s respiratory alkalosis, it’ll be LESS than 35)
40
Q

Weight changes

A

1 liter = 1000 cc = 1 kilo = 2.2 pounds

Patho (1 decks)

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