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P1 FALL > Patho 1 > Flashcards

Patho 1 Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

diffusion

A

movement of high conc to low; occurs until it is equal everywhere; slower over long distances; directly related to temp; big stuff moves slow

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3
Q

lipid solubility

A

charged particles do not want to cross lipid bilayer

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4
Q

rate of diffusion =

A

SA x CG x MP

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5
Q

Membrane permeability =

A

lipid solubility / molecular size

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6
Q

Flux

A

diffusion rate / surface area

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7
Q

flux =

A

membrane permeability x concentration gradient

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8
Q

channels

A

though

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9
Q

receptors

A

on off switch; different proteins, can be activated or inhibited

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10
Q

uniport

A

carrier protein; carries 1 thing 1 direction

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11
Q

symport

A

carrier portein; carries 2 things 1 direction

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12
Q

antiport

A

carrier protein; carries 2 things opposite directions

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13
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

requires protein transports

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14
Q

passive transport

A

moves molecules down concentration gradient

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15
Q

active transport

A

requires energy

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16
Q

primary active transport

A

moves against gradient using ATP

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17
Q

secondary active transport

A

moves against concentration gradient using energy from another source

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18
Q

GLUT transporter

A

facilitated diffusion

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19
Q

transports = saturable ???

A

linear until all transporters on a cell surface are bound up; only as much as you have room for; v competitive

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20
Q

Na+/K+ATPase

A

antiport, primary active transport

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21
Q

Sodium Glucose

A

secondary active transport; requires energy but from a different source

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22
Q

SGLT inhibitors

A

inhibit bringing glucose into cell to allow for renal reabsorption; glucose is excreted; good for diabetes

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23
Q

leak channels

A

open most of the time

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24
Q

gated channels

A

closed most of the time

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25
Q

voltage gated

A

open or close in response to change in membrane potential

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26
Q

ligand gated

A

specifically bind an extracellular ligand such as neurotransomitter

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27
Q

second messenger gated

A

binds and opens or closes in response to a specific intracellular signal

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28
Q

mechanically gated

A

physical forces ie stretch

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29
Q

Pancreatic cell if glucose levels are low

A

metabolism slows, ATP use decreases, K leaks out of cell, Ca gate is closed, no insulin secretion

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30
Q

pancreatic cell if glucose levels are high

A

metabolism increase, ATP increase, K gate is closed, Ca enters cell, insulin is realized

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31
Q

Ohms Law

A

I = V/R where I is magnitude, V is voltage, R is resistance

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32
Q

currents flow

A

in direction of positive

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33
Q

Nerst Equation

A

61/charge of ion (log ionout/ion in)

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34
Q

Digoxin

A

affects Na+/K+ATPase by keeping Na+ low inside by disrupting the concentration; used to treat heart failure

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35
Q

Invokana (canaliflozin)

A

SGLT2 inhibitor, helps kidneys reduce excess sugar through urine decrease renal threshold for glucose by saturating transporters at a lower level; helps diabetes secrete more sugar into the urine

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36
Q

drug

A

taken from outside to cause a biochemical and physiological change to the body

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37
Q

receptors can ___ or ___

A

mimic block

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38
Q

agonist

A

mimic

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39
Q

antagonist

A

blocks

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40
Q

cAMP

A

amplifies 1 signal to many

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41
Q

Gs

A

stimulatory, increase cAMP by activating the enzyme adenylyl cyclase, may activate various Ca+2 channels

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42
Q

Gi

A

inhibitory; decreases cAMP by decreasing adenylyl cyclase activity, may increase K+ channel activity

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43
Q

Gq

A

Increase Intracellular Ca+2 and generates IP3

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44
Q

4 receptor types

A

ligand, G protein, transmembrane receptor with linked enzymatic domain, intracellular

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45
Q

G protein examples

A

GPCR, B-adernergic, M3 Muscarinic

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46
Q

protein kinase A

A

leads to phosphorylation and cellular response

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47
Q

drug

A

taken from outside to cause a biochemical and physiological change to the body

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48
Q

receptors can ___ or ___

A

mimic block

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49
Q

agonist

A

mimic

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50
Q

antagonist

A

blocks

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51
Q

cAMP

A

amplifies 1 signal to many

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52
Q

Gs

A

stimulatory, increase cAMP by activating the enzyme adenylyl cyclase, may activate various Ca+2 channels

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53
Q

Gi

A

inhibitory; decreases cAMP by decreasing adenylyl cyclase activity, may increase K+ channel activity

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54
Q

Gq

A

Increase Intracellular Ca+2 and generates IP3

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55
Q

4 receptor types

A

ligand, G protein, transmembrane receptor with linked enzymatic domain, intracellular

56
Q

G protein examples

A

GPCR, B-adernergic, M3 Muscarinic

57
Q

protein kinase A

A

leads to phosphorylation and cellular response

58
Q

the initial stimulus usually arises in the ___ at a specialized sensory neuron

A

periphery

59
Q

nociceptor

A

afferent specialized sensory neurons

60
Q

3 types of signals

A

thermal, mechanical and chemical

61
Q

thermal

A

heat

62
Q

mechanical

A

smashing fingers

63
Q

chemical

A

these can all overlap

64
Q

nociceptor activation

A

high threshold primary sensory neurons nociceptors

65
Q

nociceptor activation

A

high threshold primary sensory neurons nociceptors are afferent neurons

66
Q

afferent

A

from stimulus to brain

67
Q

efferent

A

from brain to stimulus

68
Q

pain goes to _____

A

dorsal horn then to thalamus then to somatosensory cortex

69
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

sensory discrimination

70
Q

withdrawal reflex

A

involuntary and instantaneous movement

71
Q

speed is related to myelin but also the ___

A

diameter

72
Q

most nociceptors have _______ velocity because they are unmyelinated and have a small diameter.

A

low conduction

73
Q

A fibers

A

mediate initial fast onset pain because they are myelinated and have a small diameter

74
Q

Beta

A

would have greater conductions bc they are myelinated and have a large

75
Q

C fibers

A

initial flow long lasting pain

76
Q

primary afferents

A

release neurotransmitters from their terminals that excite the 2ndary afferents located in the dorsal horn

77
Q

C type

A

long lasting

78
Q

intensity of pain depends on

A

activated & frequency of AP

79
Q

how do you account for differences in heat or pressure

A

depends on nociceptors

80
Q

duration

A

larger stimulus will generate more AP

81
Q

withdrawal reflex

A

uses myelin; results from a v strong stimulus

82
Q

in a withdrawal reflex, nociceptors connect to ___ via _____

A

efferents; interneurons

83
Q

in a withdrawal reflex, contraction muscles receive an ___ signal and extensor muscles receive a ___ signal

A

excitatory; inhibitory

84
Q

acute pain

A

sudden onset; relief desired; low fam involvement; goal: cure

85
Q

chronic pain

A

long lasting; relief desired; fam involvement; psychological components; gaol: rehabilitation

86
Q

hyperalgesia

A

exaggerated response to a harmful stimulus (often seen in patients taking high levels of opioids)

87
Q

allodynia

A

sensation of pain from a normally harmless stimulus

88
Q

MOA

A

inhibitors of pain perception

89
Q

MOA inhibits __________

A

adenylyl cyclase activity; it reduces opening of Ca+2 channels and stimulation of K+ current which decreases neuronal excitability

90
Q

MOA - A

A

targets all of the CNS - brain & periphery

91
Q

MOA - B

A

targets specific tissues

92
Q

nociceptors

A

send signals to the brain

93
Q

diffuse inhibition

A

when the signal is sent down the spinal cord

94
Q

analgesia

A

inability to feel pain by activation of inhibitory interneurons at the spinal cord

95
Q

5 inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

endogenous opioids, NE, 5-HT, glycine, GABA

96
Q

opioids inhibit neurotransmitters by (2 things)

A
  1. presynaptically reducing activity of Ca+2 channels 2. Postsynaptically by enhancing Cl- influx and K+ efflux = hyperpolarization = NO ACTION POTENTIAL
97
Q

opioid receptors inhibit

A

adenylyl cyclase activity

98
Q

hyperalgesia

A

leads to tolerance, and need for more opioid dependence

99
Q

nociceptors

A

send signals to the brain

100
Q

diffuse inhibition

A

when the signal is sent down the spinal cord

101
Q

analgesia

A

inability to feel pain by activation of inhibitory interneurons at the spinal cord

102
Q

5 inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

endogenous opioids, NE, 5-HT, glycine, GABA

103
Q

opioids inhibit neurotransmitters by (2 things)

A
  1. presynaptically reducing activity of Ca+2 channels 2. Postsynaptically by enhancing Cl- influx and K+ efflux = hyperpolarization = NO ACTION POTENTIAL
104
Q

opioid receptors inhibit

A

adenylyl cyclase activity

105
Q

hyperalgesia

A

leads to tolerance, and need for more opioid dependence

106
Q

signs & symptoms

A

resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, gait

107
Q

basal ganglia

A

involved in the coordination and planning of movement. constant communication

108
Q

all inputs to BG are _____ using _____

A

excitatory; glutamate

109
Q

outputs of BG

A

go to globes pallidus internal and substantia nigra pars reticula

110
Q

cause of parkinsons

A

loss of dopanergic neurons

111
Q

pathway affected in parkinsons

A

nigrostriatal pathway

112
Q

direct pathway

A

excitation has the net effect of exciting thalamic neurons

113
Q

indirect pathway

A

excitation has the net effect of inhibiting thalamic neurons which inhibits the thalamus which inhibits the cortex

114
Q

DA neurons

A

activate D1 activating the direct pathway

115
Q

acetylcholine neurons

A

net excitatory effect on GABAergic (inhibitory)

116
Q

DA degeneration causes

A

only ACh exciting GABAnergic

117
Q

DA is synthesized from

A

tyrosine

118
Q

Aromatic L amino acid decarboxylase

A

plays an important role in the production of dopamine

119
Q

dopa decarboxylase produces

A

dopamine

120
Q

dopamine is the immediate metabolic precursor of

A

NE and EPI

121
Q

Dopamine B hydroxylase

A

converts DA to NE

122
Q

dopaminergic neurons ____ dopamine B hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine N methyltransferase

A

lack

123
Q

tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)

A

the first enzymatic reaction is the rate limiting step in DA, NE, and EPI synthesis

124
Q

DA transport into synaptic vesicles by ____ & ____

A

proton pump coupled to ATP consumption & vesicular monoamine transporter

125
Q

proton pump coupled to ATP consumption

A

moves protons into vesicles creating a low pH and electropositive vesicle interior

126
Q

Vesicular monamine transporter

A

uses environment created by the proton pump to move protons down their gradient out of the vesicle with the concomitance entrance of DA into the vesicle

127
Q

dopamine release is triggered by

A

Ca+2

128
Q

D1- like

A

D1 and D5; leads to an increase in cAMP; PRESYNAPTICALLY

129
Q

D2 - like

A

D2, D3, D4; MOST ARE POSTSYNAPTIC, decrease cAMP levels

130
Q

after release, DA can be ___ & ____

A

recycled back to synaptic vesicles or degraded by enzymes monoamine oxidase or catechol-o-methyltransferase

131
Q

most dopamine is ____ after released

A

transported back into the presynaptic cell by the dopamine transporter

132
Q

DA reuptake

A

occurs against conc. gradient, requires energy, Na+ down its concentration gradient

133
Q

most pharmacologic interventions currently used fr PD are aimed at

A

restoring DA levels in the brain

134
Q

3 approaches to targeting parkinsons

A
  1. dopamine precursors: levodopa 2. DA receptor agonist: targeting DA receptors 3. inhibiting DA metabolism: targeting DA degradation
135
Q

L dopa

A

precursor for dopamine; can cross BBB

136
Q

carbidopa

A

inhibits Ldopa turning into dopamine; increase amount of Ldopa that reaches the CNS

137
Q

what enzyme turns L dopa into dopamine

A

dopa decarboxylase

P1 FALL (3 decks)

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