Patho 1 Flashcards
1
Q
A
2
Q
diffusion
A
movement of high conc to low; occurs until it is equal everywhere; slower over long distances; directly related to temp; big stuff moves slow
3
Q
lipid solubility
A
charged particles do not want to cross lipid bilayer
4
Q
rate of diffusion =
A
SA x CG x MP
5
Q
Membrane permeability =
A
lipid solubility / molecular size
6
Q
Flux
A
diffusion rate / surface area
7
Q
flux =
A
membrane permeability x concentration gradient
8
Q
channels
A
though
9
Q
receptors
A
on off switch; different proteins, can be activated or inhibited
10
Q
uniport
A
carrier protein; carries 1 thing 1 direction
11
Q
symport
A
carrier portein; carries 2 things 1 direction
12
Q
antiport
A
carrier protein; carries 2 things opposite directions
13
Q
facilitated diffusion
A
requires protein transports
14
Q
passive transport
A
moves molecules down concentration gradient
15
Q
active transport
A
requires energy
16
Q
primary active transport
A
moves against gradient using ATP
17
Q
secondary active transport
A
moves against concentration gradient using energy from another source
18
Q
GLUT transporter
A
facilitated diffusion
19
Q
transports = saturable ???
A
linear until all transporters on a cell surface are bound up; only as much as you have room for; v competitive
20
Q
Na+/K+ATPase
A
antiport, primary active transport
21
Q
Sodium Glucose
A
secondary active transport; requires energy but from a different source
22
Q
SGLT inhibitors
A
inhibit bringing glucose into cell to allow for renal reabsorption; glucose is excreted; good for diabetes
23
Q
leak channels
A
open most of the time
24
Q
gated channels
A
closed most of the time
25
voltage gated
open or close in response to change in membrane potential
26
ligand gated
specifically bind an extracellular ligand such as neurotransomitter
27
second messenger gated
binds and opens or closes in response to a specific intracellular signal
28
mechanically gated
physical forces ie stretch
29
Pancreatic cell if glucose levels are low
metabolism slows, ATP use decreases, K leaks out of cell, Ca gate is closed, no insulin secretion
30
pancreatic cell if glucose levels are high
metabolism increase, ATP increase, K gate is closed, Ca enters cell, insulin is realized
31
Ohms Law
I = V/R where I is magnitude, V is voltage, R is resistance
32
currents flow
in direction of positive
33
Nerst Equation
61/charge of ion (log ionout/ion in)
34
Digoxin
affects Na+/K+ATPase by keeping Na+ low inside by disrupting the concentration; used to treat heart failure
35
Invokana (canaliflozin)
SGLT2 inhibitor, helps kidneys reduce excess sugar through urine decrease renal threshold for glucose by saturating transporters at a lower level; helps diabetes secrete more sugar into the urine
36
drug
taken from outside to cause a biochemical and physiological change to the body
37
receptors can ___ or \_\_\_
mimic block
38
agonist
mimic
39
antagonist
blocks
40
cAMP
amplifies 1 signal to many
41
Gs
stimulatory, increase cAMP by activating the enzyme adenylyl cyclase, may activate various Ca+2 channels
42
Gi
inhibitory; decreases cAMP by decreasing adenylyl cyclase activity, may increase K+ channel activity
43
Gq
Increase Intracellular Ca+2 and generates IP3
44
4 receptor types
ligand, G protein, transmembrane receptor with linked enzymatic domain, intracellular
45
G protein examples
GPCR, B-adernergic, M3 Muscarinic
46
protein kinase A
leads to phosphorylation and cellular response
47
drug
taken from outside to cause a biochemical and physiological change to the body
48
receptors can ___ or \_\_\_
mimic block
49
agonist
mimic
50
antagonist
blocks
51
cAMP
amplifies 1 signal to many
52
Gs
stimulatory, increase cAMP by activating the enzyme adenylyl cyclase, may activate various Ca+2 channels
53
Gi
inhibitory; decreases cAMP by decreasing adenylyl cyclase activity, may increase K+ channel activity
54
Gq
Increase Intracellular Ca+2 and generates IP3
55
4 receptor types
ligand, G protein, transmembrane receptor with linked enzymatic domain, intracellular
56
G protein examples
GPCR, B-adernergic, M3 Muscarinic
57
protein kinase A
leads to phosphorylation and cellular response
58
the initial stimulus usually arises in the ___ at a specialized sensory neuron
periphery
59
nociceptor
afferent specialized sensory neurons
60
3 types of signals
thermal, mechanical and chemical
61
thermal
heat
62
mechanical
smashing fingers
63
chemical
these can all overlap
64
nociceptor activation
high threshold primary sensory neurons nociceptors
65
nociceptor activation
high threshold primary sensory neurons nociceptors are afferent neurons
66
afferent
from stimulus to brain
67
efferent
from brain to stimulus
68
pain goes to \_\_\_\_\_
dorsal horn then to thalamus then to somatosensory cortex
69
somatosensory cortex
sensory discrimination
70
withdrawal reflex
involuntary and instantaneous movement
71
speed is related to myelin but also the \_\_\_
diameter
72
most nociceptors have _______ velocity because they are unmyelinated and have a small diameter.
low conduction
73
A fibers
mediate initial fast onset pain because they are myelinated and have a small diameter
74
Beta
would have greater conductions bc they are myelinated and have a large
75
C fibers
initial flow long lasting pain
76
primary afferents
release neurotransmitters from their terminals that excite the 2ndary afferents located in the dorsal horn
77
C type
long lasting
78
intensity of pain depends on
activated & frequency of AP
79
how do you account for differences in heat or pressure
depends on nociceptors
80
duration
larger stimulus will generate more AP
81
withdrawal reflex
uses myelin; results from a v strong stimulus
82
in a withdrawal reflex, nociceptors connect to ___ via \_\_\_\_\_
efferents; interneurons
83
in a withdrawal reflex, contraction muscles receive an ___ signal and extensor muscles receive a ___ signal
excitatory; inhibitory
84
acute pain
sudden onset; relief desired; low fam involvement; goal: cure
85
chronic pain
long lasting; relief desired; fam involvement; psychological components; gaol: rehabilitation
86
hyperalgesia
exaggerated response to a harmful stimulus (often seen in patients taking high levels of opioids)
87
allodynia
sensation of pain from a normally harmless stimulus
88
MOA
inhibitors of pain perception
89
MOA inhibits \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
adenylyl cyclase activity; it reduces opening of Ca+2 channels and stimulation of K+ current which decreases neuronal excitability
90
MOA - A
targets all of the CNS - brain & periphery
91
MOA - B
targets specific tissues
92
nociceptors
send signals to the brain
93
diffuse inhibition
when the signal is sent down the spinal cord
94
analgesia
inability to feel pain by activation of inhibitory interneurons at the spinal cord
95
5 inhibitory neurotransmitters
endogenous opioids, NE, 5-HT, glycine, GABA
96
opioids inhibit neurotransmitters by (2 things)
1. presynaptically reducing activity of Ca+2 channels 2. Postsynaptically by enhancing Cl- influx and K+ efflux = hyperpolarization = NO ACTION POTENTIAL
97
opioid receptors inhibit
adenylyl cyclase activity
98
hyperalgesia
leads to tolerance, and need for more opioid dependence
99
nociceptors
send signals to the brain
100
diffuse inhibition
when the signal is sent down the spinal cord
101
analgesia
inability to feel pain by activation of inhibitory interneurons at the spinal cord
102
5 inhibitory neurotransmitters
endogenous opioids, NE, 5-HT, glycine, GABA
103
opioids inhibit neurotransmitters by (2 things)
1. presynaptically reducing activity of Ca+2 channels 2. Postsynaptically by enhancing Cl- influx and K+ efflux = hyperpolarization = NO ACTION POTENTIAL
104
opioid receptors inhibit
adenylyl cyclase activity
105
hyperalgesia
leads to tolerance, and need for more opioid dependence
106
signs & symptoms
resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, gait
107
basal ganglia
involved in the coordination and planning of movement. constant communication
108
all inputs to BG are _____ using \_\_\_\_\_
excitatory; glutamate
109
outputs of BG
go to globes pallidus internal and substantia nigra pars reticula
110
cause of parkinsons
loss of dopanergic neurons
111
pathway affected in parkinsons
nigrostriatal pathway
112
direct pathway
excitation has the net effect of exciting thalamic neurons
113
indirect pathway
excitation has the net effect of inhibiting thalamic neurons which inhibits the thalamus which inhibits the cortex
114
DA neurons
activate D1 activating the direct pathway
115
acetylcholine neurons
net excitatory effect on GABAergic (inhibitory)
116
DA degeneration causes
only ACh exciting GABAnergic
117
DA is synthesized from
tyrosine
118
Aromatic L amino acid decarboxylase
plays an important role in the production of dopamine
119
dopa decarboxylase produces
dopamine
120
dopamine is the immediate metabolic precursor of
NE and EPI
121
Dopamine B hydroxylase
converts DA to NE
122
dopaminergic neurons ____ dopamine B hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine N methyltransferase
lack
123
tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)
the first enzymatic reaction is the rate limiting step in DA, NE, and EPI synthesis
124
DA transport into synaptic vesicles by ____ & \_\_\_\_
proton pump coupled to ATP consumption & vesicular monoamine transporter
125
proton pump coupled to ATP consumption
moves protons into vesicles creating a low pH and electropositive vesicle interior
126
Vesicular monamine transporter
uses environment created by the proton pump to move protons down their gradient out of the vesicle with the concomitance entrance of DA into the vesicle
127
dopamine release is triggered by
Ca+2
128
D1- like
D1 and D5; leads to an increase in cAMP; PRESYNAPTICALLY
129
D2 - like
D2, D3, D4; MOST ARE POSTSYNAPTIC, decrease cAMP levels
130
after release, DA can be ___ & \_\_\_\_
recycled back to synaptic vesicles or degraded by enzymes monoamine oxidase or catechol-o-methyltransferase
131
most dopamine is ____ after released
transported back into the presynaptic cell by the dopamine transporter
132
DA reuptake
occurs against conc. gradient, requires energy, Na+ down its concentration gradient
133
most pharmacologic interventions currently used fr PD are aimed at
restoring DA levels in the brain
134
3 approaches to targeting parkinsons
1. dopamine precursors: levodopa 2. DA receptor agonist: targeting DA receptors 3. inhibiting DA metabolism: targeting DA degradation
135
L dopa
precursor for dopamine; can cross BBB
136
carbidopa
inhibits Ldopa turning into dopamine; increase amount of Ldopa that reaches the CNS
137
what enzyme turns L dopa into dopamine
dopa decarboxylase
