patho 1 Flashcards
(Integrins)
LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18), Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18), P150 (CD11c/CD18), VLA-4.
p selectin stimulated by
histamine, thrombin
e selectin and ICAM, stimulated by
cytokine TNF and IL-1
increased affinity of integrins
chemokines, C5a, Platlet activating factor
L selectin on leukocyte binds to
GlyCAM-1, CD-34
chemokine that attracts neutrophils to site if inflammation
IL-8
examples of chemotactic factors
1- bacterial products - N-formyl methionine termini 2- C5a 3- LTB4 4- IL-8 5- HETE
chemotactic factors also participate in
1- increase induction of adhesion molecules of EC 2- opening of integrins on leukocytes 3- induces locomotion 4- degranulation of lysosomal enzymes 5- production of AA metabolites
example of opsonins
C3b, IgG, collectins
Inflammasome
a multiprotein complex in the cytoplasm that recognizes products of dead cells such as urea –> lead to activation of caspases-1 –> secretion of biologically active IL-1
Mammalian cells are not recognized by mannose receptors because
they have salilic acid and N-acetyl galactoseamine
protective proteins that neutralize free radicals are
transferrin, ceruloplasmin, catalse, superoxide dismutase, glutathione
Acid proteases
needs low ph as in phagolysome
Neutral proteases effects
✓ Elastases, collagenases, and cathepsin.
✓ Cleave C3 and C5 producing C3a & C5a.
✓ Generate bradykinin like peptides.
antiproteases
1- alpha 2 macroglobulin
2- alpha 1 antitrypsin
(LAD1)
CD18 unit of integrin (MAC1, LFA1) – CD18 deficiency results in firm adhesion issues.
LAD2
Sialyl-Lewis X –Causes rolling issues.
CGD (Chronic Granulomatous Disease), X-linked
Membrane component of NADPH oxidase. Results in: multi granulomas formation all over the body.
CGD, autosomal recessive
Cytoplasmic component of NADPH oxidase
MPO (Myeloperoxidase) deficiency
Affected/Absent MPO-H2O2 system
Chediak-Higashi disease
Organelle trafficking inhibit the killing ability by leukocytes by the inhibition of the fusion of vacuoles results in: abnormalities in platelets & albinism
release of serotonin is stimulated by
platelet aggregation, and PAF
release of histamine is stimulated by
1- physical injury 2- binding of IgE to Fc receptors 3- C3a and C5a binding 4- neuropeptidase substance P 5- IL-1 and IL-8
products of cyclooxygenase
PGG2, PGH2, PGI2 (prostacyclin), thrombaxane A2 (TXA2), PGE2, PGD2, PGF2
prostacyclin
causes vasodilation, inhibits platelet aggregation
thrombaxane A2
causes vasoconstriction and promote platelet aggregation, bronchospasm
PGE2, PGD2
vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
products of 5-lypooxygenase
HETE, LTA4, LTB4, LTC4, LTD4, LTE4
LTC4, LTD4, LTE4 do?
bronchospasm and increased vascular permeability
products of 12-lypooxygenase
LXA2, and LXB2 that inhibit neutrophil adhesion and chemotaxis
steroids inhibit?
phospholipase A2
NSAIDS inhibit?
COX1 and COX2, mainly COX2 cuz COX1 produces PG that are good for body
PAF
vasodilator, bronchoconstrictor, and increases vascular permeability
PAF effect on leukocytes
increases adhesion, chemokine, degranulation of serotonin, ROS burst
cytokines
hormone-like polypeptides produced by cells, involved in cell to cell communication (short half life)
Regulators of lymphocyte function
- IL-2 stimulates proliferation
* TGFβ inhibits lymphocytes growth
Primary responders to injury(innate immunity
IL-1 (interleukin) &TNF (tumor necrosis factor)
Activators of cell mediated immunity
INF-γ(interferon-gamma)&IL-12(interleaukin-12).
Hematopoietic growth factors
IL-3(interleaukin-3) & GM-CSF(Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor)
Deficiency of C3
susceptibility to infections
deficiency of C2 and C4
systemic lopus erythematous
deficiency in MAC
neisseria infections
decreased inhibitors of C3 and C5 convertase
hemolytic anemia
decreased inhibitors of C1
angioneurotic edema
mononuclear phagocytic system
phagocytes of spleen, liver and bonemarrow
GI
crypts
cornea
limbus
bone marrow
hematopeotic stem cells
skeletal muscle
satellite cells
intestine
base of crypts
skin hair
hair follicle bulge
liver
hering canal
IPS cells transcription genes
oct3/4, sox-2, c-myc, klf-4, Nanog
