Patho 1

Question 1

Pathophysiology?

Answer 1

Physiological changes due to disease.
Disease occurs when homeostasis cannot be maintained

Question 2

Homeostasis?

Answer 2

Negative feedback loops that keep the body stable in response to changing temp, hr, ph etc.
Managed by endocrine system and hypothalamus

Question 3

Aetiology

Answer 3

Causative factor (idiopathic, iatrogenic)

Question 4

Occurrence

Answer 4

Incidence: new cases in a time frame
Prevalence: new, old and existing cases

Question 5

Pregnancy stats indigenous

Answer 5

Mortality rate higher for indigenous infants

Indigenous mothers: Av age: 24.8 years
Non indigenous mother: Av age: 30.7

Indigenous low-birth-weight babies twice that of non-indigenous

Question 6

Indigenous mortality

Answer 6

Standardised death rate for indigenous people= 1.9 times the rate

Life expectancy= approx decade less

Age specific death rates higher across all age groups

Leading cause; cardiovascular disease, cancer, injury

Alcohol related deaths: men 5x non-indigenous, women 8x non-indigenous

Question 7

Cellular adaptation

Answer 7

Response to changing conditions to avoid injury
- allows continued or enhanced function
Can be reversible

Question 8

Cellular injury

Answer 8

Cell unable to maintain homeostasis due to:
Ischaemia/hypoxia
Chemicals/free radicals
Infectious agents
Heat/pressure

Question 9

Inflammation

Answer 9

Protective response
Does not always signify infection

Question 10

Inflammation what defences

Answer 10

Chemical mediators initiate chemotaxis- attract neutrophils and phagocytes. Eg. Histamine causing vasodilation

Liver- secretes factor XII, part of coagulation cascade

Question 11

In a fever the release of pyrogen into circulation causes

Answer 11

Released into circulation and resets hypothalamic control to higher. Feel warm

Question 12

Complication of inflammation

Answer 12

Secondary infection- hot, pussy environment perfect for pathogens/microbes

Skeletal spasms

Chronic inflammation- scar tissue

Question 13

Pain?

Answer 13

Discomfort caused by stimulation of pain receptors (nociceptors)
- warning of a problem
Complex mechanisms

• most important pain score you get is to see if your interventions are effective

Question 14

Pain fibres

Answer 14

Myelinated A fibres
-transmit pulses rapidly
-acute pain

Unmyelinated C fibres
-transmit impulses slowly
-chronic pain- diffuse, dull throbbing as not insulated

Question 15

Pain stimuli goes to which part of the brain

Answer 15

Reticular formation recognises arrival of stimuli

Cerebral cortex located where stimuli has come from

Hypothalamus is emotional response