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Path II > Path Test 2 > Flashcards

Path Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

sarcoma

A

malignancy is in the supporting tissue

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2
Q

Symptom

Sign

A

What pt tells you (it hurts)

What you observe (limping)

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3
Q

Stroke Volume

A

=Left ventricle in 1 contraction

=70 mL

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4
Q

Blood Pressure

A

measures opposing pressure

how much pressure needed to stop the pressure resulting from a heart beat-exerting on a bv

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5
Q

Kussmaul’s Sign

A

is the observation of a rise in jugular venous pressure (JVP, the filling of the jugular vein) on inspiration. It can be seen in some forms of heart disease and is usually indicative of limited right ventricular filling due to right heart failure.

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6
Q

Orthopnea

A

difficulty breathing in the recumbant position–common in CHF

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7
Q

Pulse Pressure

A

= systolic - diastolic

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8
Q

High Pressure in Jugular

during inspiration

(during inspiration, abdominal pressure increases and pushes blood to right side of heart)

A

(Kussmauli’s sign)

right ventricle filling is limited due to right heart failure

blood is backed up bc right ventricle didn’t empty.

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9
Q

S1

lub

A

Correlates with closure of the AV valves

(onset of ventricular contraction or systole)

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10
Q

S2

dub

A

Correlates with closure of the semi-lunar valves

(beginning of ventricular relaxing or diastole)

normally, aortic valve closes first

if pulmonary valve closes first, it’s because the aortic is stenotic and needs more backflow to close it.

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11
Q

S3

A

ventricular gallop

Abnormal for adults to have a 3rd heart sound, normal for kids.

Increased volume of blood within the ventricle due to rapid ventricular filling

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12
Q

S4

A

atrial gallop

audible when there’s an increase in ventricular resistance to atrial filling–ventricle is hypertophied and non-compliant.

atria expands=hyperplasia, to accomodate more volume

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13
Q

P wave

A

atrial depolarization

small bc atria are small

if P wave is enlarged, the atria are enlarged (tricuspid stenosis)

if P wave is inverted it’s because SA node isn’t starting it (and HR will be slower)

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14
Q

PR interval

A

0.1-0.2 seconds is normal

transmission of impulse thru atria slightly delayed at AV node while ventricle fills

if longer than normal–1st, 2nd, or 3rd degree heart block (length corresponds to degree of heart block)

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15
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricle is depolarizing

if wider than normal, ventricle is enlarged

double=ventricles are not synchronized

Q wave is pronounced if LV MI–even 2 years later, looks goofy

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16
Q

T-wave

A

ventricle re-polarizing

(takes longer than depolarizing)

(if tall or spiked-ventricle is repolarizing very quickly-correlates with high K+)

inversion=ischemia

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17
Q

ST-interval

A

time between depolarizing and repolarizing

isoelectric

depressed = myocardial ischemia

elevated =

myocardial infarction

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18
Q

QT interval

A

ventricular depolarization to repolarization

lengthened QT interval is a biomarker for ventricular tachyarrhythmias (sudden death of athletes)

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19
Q

ischemia

A

temporary deprivation of blood supply

if heart can’t dilate vessels (coronary artery disease) to meet it’s own oxygen demand

risk of tissue necrosis

necrotic myocardial tissue = MI

LV is most susceptible to ischemia and MI

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20
Q

MI

A

irreversible damage to cardiac tissue

transmural = full thickness of myocardial tissue

subendocardial = 1/2 thickness of myocardial tissue

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21
Q

anterior descending vessel

A

anterior wall of LV

22
Q

right coronary vessel

A

inferior wall of LV

23
Q

Cardiac Enzymes

A

CPK

SGOT

LDH-goes up slowly, takes longer to return to normal

MB

CK (isoenzymes: MB-cardiac tissue, BB-brain, MM-muscle)

[CK-MB] rises 4-6 h post MI, peak 18-24, normal after 3 d

troponin (not an enzyme)-rises 4-6 h post MI, takes 10d to go back down

24
Q

CRP

A

c-reactive protien-associated with inflammation

not specific

checked during physicals

25
Q

MI Complications

A
  1. CHF-LV=pulmonary venous congestion, RV=systemic venous conjestion
  2. Cardiogenic Shock-profound LV loss >40%, massive heart attack–level 1 trauma center
  3. Ventricular Septal Defect-multiple occlusions(most common congenital heart defect)
  4. Dysrhythmia
  5. Premature beats-atria or ventricles-premature activation of SA node bf last one finishes
  6. Heart Block
26
Q

Cardiac Output

A

= HR X SV

27
Q

Heart Block

A

Normal length is 0.2 sec

1st degree-0.25 s all impulses through the AV node (PR interval is a lttle longer)

2nd degree-0.3 s some impulses go to ventricles, some not getting thru

3rd degree-complete block SA node impulses NOT getting thru AV node-ventricles contract via AV node

Bundle branch block is 1 sided, 2 QRS (bunny ears)

28
Q

Valvular Disease

A
  1. tricuspid stenosis–bigger P wave bc hypertrophy of RA
  2. regurgitation-mitral/bicuspid-rheumatic fever-atria get thinner (left)
  3. mitral valve prolapse-female, dental-bacteria stick to valve-leads to anxiety disorders, chordae tendinae too long, Marfan’s Syndrome
  4. aortic stenosis-hypertrophy of LV=big QRS ok until 50% reduction in opening
  5. aortic regurgitation-reflux into LV-rheumatic heart disease, syphilis
29
Q

symptoms of CHF

A

dyspnea-most common

non-productive cough

rales

liver failure (lack of perfustion)

edema

low grade fever

30
Q

Mean Arterial Pressure

A

MAP = CO X TPR

TPR=total peripheral resistance-clots increase TPR

31
Q

Cardiogenic Shock

A
  • systolic <90
  • decreased blood flow
  • urine <20mL/h-low in Na+
  • peripheral vasoconstriction-skin cold, clamy
  • decreased mental function (brain not perfused)
  • cardiac index < 2.1 L/min=output per m2 of body surface
  • left side HF-high mortality
32
Q

Obstructive Lung Disease

A

emphysema

bronchitis increased # and size of goblet cells

asthma

33
Q

Thromboembolic Venous Disease

A

moving clot obstructs a blood vessel

head=stroke

lungs=can’t breath

from long flights

34
Q

Superficial Thrombophlebitis

Deep Vein Thrombophlebitis

A
  • common when pt is getting hypertonic, acidic IV; vericose veins
  • calf of leg-may be symptomatic, feels like growing pains, don’t rub-will loosen clot
35
Q

COPD

A

broad category of pathologies-increased reistance to air flow in the lungs=chronic bronchitis, asthma (though some exclude asthma bc it doesn’t get progressively worse)

36
Q

Asthma

A

air passages narrow due to:

  • spasm of bronchi
  • increased mucosal edema in bronchi
  • hypersecretion of mucous in bronchi

can be:

  • allergic
  • ideopathic
  • mixed
37
Q

Chronic Bronchitis

Emphysema

A

-hypertrophy of goblet cells

Emphysema-centrilobular (smokers, male)

  • panlobular
  • lose elasticity of lungs-so that breathing isn’t passive, use thoraxic muscles, not very effective, lots of residual CO2-give them O2 and they lose their instinct to breath
38
Q

Bronchiectasis

A

localized, irreversible dilation of part of bronchial tree caused by destruction of the muscle and elastic tissue.

chronic infection in children-cough up 200mL per day foul smelling mucous=incompetent parents

39
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

recessive genetic-exocrine gland secretions are very thick

(lungs, liver, pancreas, intestines)

no digestive enzymes-all plugged up

90% die from respiratory failure-pseudomonas

sweat and saliva are salty

40
Q

Restrictive Patterns

A

Cause of death=respiratory failure, but extra-pulmonary issues:

drug OD

ALS

Polio

Myesthemia Gravis

41
Q

Metaplasia

A

replacement of one differentiated cell type with another mature cell type. reversible. in response to some kind of insult. resturn to regular if stimulus goes away

42
Q

Dysplasia

A

bad/ill. change of phenotye. abnormality. indicative of early neoplastic process.

43
Q

Neoplasia

A

”–oma”

new growth=tumor

benign=localized, abnormally proliferating (uterine fibroid), but encapsulated by normal tissue. proliferation may sop or keep going

malignant=invading nearby cells

44
Q

Adeno

A

glandular

(adenoma = benign growth in gland)

45
Q

carcinoma

A

neoplasm is malignant and arising from epithelial tissue

46
Q

Osteoma

Fibroma

A

Benign

47
Q

Patient with falling BP

A

pulse pressure is more narrow

either stroke volume is decreasing

or there’s an increase in peripheral pressure (due to clot plugging a big vessel)

lost a chunk of LV–MI

48
Q

Heart Murmurs

A

result of turbulent flow in the chambers=structural abnormalities in vessels leading to chamber

graded 1-4 with 4 being easiest to hear

49
Q

Rabbit Ears

A

damage at the bundle branches-elec reaches 1 ventriclle before the other–ventricles not synchronized=blip

50
Q

pH

potassium

A

Always inversely related.

51
Q

Electrical System

A

SA

AV

Bundle of His

Bundle Branches

Perkinges

Path II (1 decks)

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