Path reproduction Flashcards
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Describe the different cell types within the female reproductive system ?
Cell types within the female reproductive tract
Ovary
- germ cells and follicular cells
- lymphoid cells are usually absent
Uterus
- Epithelial lining of Columnar cells
- stroma and endometrial glands
( inflammatory and immune cells - especially during oestrous when the uterus is open to the external environment).
Vulva/Vagina/ and part of the cervix
- Stratified squamous epithelium (varies with the stage of the cycle)
- Anoestrous predominantly basal type
(large nucleus and very litle cytoplasm).
Proestrous the epithelium become mature so that at oestrous the majority of cells are superfical epithelial cells with pyknotic or no nuclei.
- lymphoid follicles beneath the epithelium are normal in the distal vagina.
What are the defense mechanisms of the female reproductive tract against disease ?
Defense mechanisms of the female reproductive tract
Ovary
- inflammatory response
- hyperplasia
Uterine tube
- very narrow, function is easily altered if there is inflammation, oedema or scarring
- hydrosalpinx, pyosalpinx
Uterus
mild endometritis
- neutrophils and macrophages migrate through the stroma and may cross the epithelium into the lumen
pyometra
- neutrophils and necrotics debris begin to accumulate in the lumen
- chronic cases epithelium may become stratified (squamous metaplasia
- severe necrosis and erosion of epithelium
cystic endometrial hyperplasia
Vulva and vagina
- inflammation and hyperplasia
- keratinisation of the squamous epithelium
- exocytosis of inflammatory cells especially neutrophils
- lymphocytes may form a band beneath the epithelium giving a granular appearance
What are the portals of entry for the female reproductive tract
Portals of entry
Asending infections
- note mare cerivix relatively loose and has a greater diameters compared to other species (may be opened with digital pressure.
- usually occurs during oestrous
Haematogenous
- Brucellosis, salmonellosis, Pestiviral and
Herpes
Descending from the ovary
- rare; via uterine tube
Transaxonal
- eg herpes virus
Describe the main defence mechanisms of female reproductive tract ?
Defense mechanisms
The reproductive tract must provide a sterile environment for the development of the foetus, but must allow the entry of antigenic and infectious material (semen)
- Protective epithelium
- Cervix
- Myometrial tone
- Secretions from the uterus and vagina (flushing action)
- anatomy and conformation
Why are infections easier to overcome at oestrus ?
Hormones influences
Oestrous
- Oestrogen promotes defense mechanisms
- better drainage through the cervix
- up regulation of T and B lymphocytes
The uterus is more susceptable to infection during the luteal phase of the cycle
- progesterone depresses defense mechanisms
Why would chronic endometrial inflammation increase susceptability to infection ?
Chronic endometrial inflammation increases the risk of infection.
Due to the loss of epithelial and mucosal surface loss
- thus decreased production of prostaglandin
- CL persistant
- uterus is more susceptable to infection due to the persistance of progesterone
Acute endometrial inflammation
Causes an increased production of prostaglandin and lysis of the corpus luteum
- reduced production of progesterone
Describe the three stages of sexual development ?
The three stages of sexual development
3 sequential processes
1. Chromosomal sex is determined at conception
2. gonadal sex occurs early in foetal development
3. phenotypic sex follows soon after
What is the difference between major and minor anomalies of sexual development ?
Sexual development
Major anomalies
Those that result in dramatic abnormalities in sexual phenotype and usually result in infertility.
- genetic
- gonadal development and differentiation of tubular genitalia
Minor anomalies
Incidental findings of no significance
(many different types esp cyst)
Describe the pathology resulting in a freemartin ?
Freemartinism (chimeras)
This usually occurs in mixed sex pregnancies in cattle (occasionally sheep).
Chromosomal disorder of sexual development XXXY
Twin
The placenta fuses and both twins share a common placental blood circulation.
- both chimera of haematopoietic systems
- the male gonadal hormones inhibit development of the reproductive tract of the female foetus
Identify this pathology and describe its clinical signs and consequences ?
Freemartinism (chimeras)
Usually occurs in mixed pregnancies of cattle
XXXY
The freemartin = the female of a set of male/female twins
- the male is minimally affected
Clinical signs in female
- underdeveloped reproductive tract and is infertile
- externall (phenotypically female)
- vagina short (no connection to uterine elements
- clitoris enlarged, vulva is small
- ovotestes, testes and vesicular glands
Phenotypically female
Identify this pathology and describe the clinical signs ?
True hermaphrodite (rare)
XX disorder of sexual development
Pathology
XX sex reversal
Clinical signs
Usually phenotypically female with masculinisation (large clitoris)
Have both male and female gonadal tissue
- usually ovotestes
- no spermatogenesis or follicle development
- American Cocker spaniel (autosomal recessive), goats associated with the poll gene
Identify this pathology and describe the clinical signs ?
Male Pseudohermaphrodites
XY DSD (disorder of sexual development)
Clinical signs
Male feminisation syndrome
- mismatch between the tubular / external genitalia and the gonadal sex (XY sex reversal)
- have testes
- may have female phenotype; female tubular elements, abnormal androgen synthesis/ receptors
- ambiguous sexual development.
Identify this pathology and describe its consequences ?
Segmental aplasia
of uterus or uterine horn
Identify this pathology ?
Imperforate hymen
Failure of the paramesonephric duct to make a proper connection with the urogenital sinus, leaving a persistant hymen.
- membrane where the two precursor tissue join
If the hymen is completely imperforate then secretions may build up in the vagina, cervix and uterus.
Define unilateral or bilateral agenesis ?
Unilateral or bilateral ageness
Developmental abnormalities
Tubular genitalia remain infantile
Describe the developmental anomalies of a hypoplastic ovarie and vascular hamartomas ?
Developmental anomalies
Hypoplastic ovaries
The reproductive tract remains infantile
- small, lack follicles or surface scars from ovulation
- may be genetic or chromosomal factors
- a infantile reproductive tract may occur secondary to malnutrition
Vascular hamartomas
An incidental findings in cow, sow and mare
- dark red mass on the surface of the ovary
- connective tissue and vascular channels lined by mature endothelial cells.
Identify and describe this pathology ?
Paraovarian cysts
Developmental anomalie
This is the cystic remnants of the paramesonephric ducts.
- fimbrial cyts
- common in mares frequently known as the hydatid of morgani
- may be several cm in diameter
- cystic accessory uterine tubes are found within the mesosalphinx
Identify and describe this pathology ?
Cystic rete ovarii
Developmental anomalie
These cyst arise from the mesonephric remnants
- may be several cm in diameter
- incidental findings in bitches
- cats; can be unilocular and very large causing pressure atrophy of the ovary
(must differentiate from ovarian neoplasia histologically)
Define and describe Oophoritis and Ovarian bursal adhesions ?
Definitions (acquired ovarian lesions)
OOphoritis
- inflammation of the ovary
- not common
Ovarian bursal adhesions
Thin to large sheets of fibrous tissue between the ovary, bursa and mesosalpinx
- can be caused by a ascending infection
- more common in cattle
Describe the location and pathology of an epithelial inclusion cysts ?
Epithelial inclusion cyst
(common in horses)
It is believed the surface ovarian epithelium becomes pinched off during ovulation.
- forms around ovulation fossa
- cyst formed from fluid accumulation
- may appear to look like follicles but do not regress
- size and number may block ovulation
Define a corpus haemorrhagicum ?
Corpus haemorrhagicum
Pathology
- normal for a small amount of haemorrhage to occur post ovulation
- Horses can however bleed extensively = Corpus haemorrhagicum / haematoma
- manual expression of the CL in a cow
Describe the pathology which leads to cystic ovarian degeneration (COD) in cows.
Cystic ovarian degeneration (COD)
cows
This condition is linked to stress
It leads to a prolonged interval from calving to first post partum oestrus.
Pathology
- ACTH or cortisol inhibits the release of GnRH from the hypothalamus
- this prevents the up regulation of LH receptors in the ovary - inadequate LH surge and the failure of ovulation
- also has some links to uterine infection (increased PGF2A conc, endotoxins act on adrenal gland to increase cortisol).
Describe the clinical signs of cystic ovarian degeneration disease (COD) in cattle ?
Describe the clinical signs of cystic ovarian degeneration disease (COD) in cattle
(in other species Cystic ovarian disease).
The clinical signs
- folicular cyst are much larger than normal follicles and usually greater than 2.5cm in diameter
- sometimes these anovulatory cyst become luteinized
Identify this lesion, and its pathology ?
Cystic Corpus luteum
(acquired ovarian lesions)
The pathology remains unknown
- Ovulation occurs but a large irregular cyst develops in the Corpus luteum. (Need to distinguish from a luteinised cyst).
Has no effect upon the length of the oestrous cycle
- maintains enough luteal tissue and progesterone
Identify this type of neoplasm, and the tissue it develops from ?
Ovarian Teratoma
(Germ cell ovarian tumour, rare)
- derived from primitive germs cells
- weird looking benign tumours
Identify this neoplasm and the tissue it is derived from ?
Granulosa cell tumours
Ovarian Stromal neoplasm
This is the most common ovarian neoplasm in large animals
- solid
- cystic or polycystic unilateral neoplasms
- round smooth surface
- upto 30cm diameter
- Microscopically; normal granulosa cells in irregular shaped follicles
Identify this type of neoplasm and the tissue it was derived from ?
Cystadenocarcinoma
epithelial ovarian neoplasms
originate from the surface epithelium of the ovary eg carcinoma
Clinical signs
- frequently bilateral
- shaggy appearance
- malignant forms spread over the peritoneal surface and serosal surfaces of organs
Define Salpingitis and Hydrosalphinx ?
Definitions
Salpingitis
- Inflammation of the uterine tube
- is usually secondary to metritis, endometritis or pyometra
- thickening of mucosa and increased amounts of luminal exudate
Hydrosalphinx
Distension of the uterine tubes with a clear fluid
- due to mechanical/ or functional obstruction
Identify this lesion ?
Subinvolution of the placental sites in the bitch
Describe the pathology of endometrtritis ?
Endometritis
Inflammation of the endometrium
Pathology
- often a result of ascending infection
- usually post partum or during oestrous
- predisposed eg retained placenta
- occasionally infection may occur through the haematogenous route (especially during pregnancy when organisms localize at the uteroplacental interface. Brucellosis).
Describe the differences between acute and chronic endometritis ?
Endometritis
Inflammation of the endometrium
Acute endometritis
Synthesis of PGF2A in cattle/horses causes a premature regression of the CL; and shortening of the oestrous cycle.
- swollen mucosa
- rough surface
- adherent strands of fibrin
- neutrophils in stroma
Chronic endometrosis
The loss of endometrium results in reduced PGF2A production and leads to a persistant CL (especially in cows and horses)
- replacement of necrotic endometrium with granulation tissue devoid of glands
Identify this lesion describe its pathology ?
Metritis
Inflammation of all the layers of the uterine wall.
- more severe and advanced then endometritis
Identify this lesion and describe its pathology ?
Pyometria
Sequela to metritis or endometritis, acute or chronic
Pathology
- cervix may be partially open - discharge
- often under the influence of progesterone
(reducing activity of inflammatory cells)
- endometrial hyperplasia and increased secretions contribute to purulent uterine contents
Luminal epithelial cells are highly vacuolated
large numbers of lymphocytes
Identify this lesion and describe its pathology ?
Torsion of the uterus
Pathology
- often pregnant animals
- may occur due to infections
- results in vascular compromise
- uterine wall becomes congested and odematous
- uterine wall may become friable and prone to rupture
Identify this lesion and describe its pathology ?
Cystic endometrial hyperplasia
(bitch)
This change occurs under the action of progesterone after oestrus
- may create a suitable environment for bacteria to proliferate
- also possible bacteria are always present in the uterus of a dog with CEH
(Sheep may occur secondarily to persistant and prolonged oestrogenic stimuli eg oestrogenic plants legumes, granulosa cell tumour)
In all species the cystic changes are probably irreversible
Define Conceptus, foetus and FOP ?
Definitions
Conceptus = (product of conception) includes the embryo and all its membranes.
Foetus = The embryo becomes a foetus around days 35-45 in large animals. At this point in development the features of its species and sex are evident.
FOP = Failure of pregnancy
Provide a guide to the timming of foetal autolysis ?
Describe what process leads to mummification and its possible causes ?
Mummification
The foetus is retained and progressively dehydrated to become a firm dry mass - discoloured by degraded haemoglobin to brown or black.
- leathery skin
- may be caused by an infectious or non infectious agent
- Organisms which cause putrefication are absent
The potential causes of mummification
- Twinning in horses
- BVD and Trichomoniasis cattle
- Canine Herpes virus
- Uterine torsion in cats
- Parvoviral infection in sows
Describe what process leads to Maceration, and its possible causes ?
Maceration
Needs bacterial organisms within the uterus
These organisms may have caused the abortion or may be secondary invaders that entered through an open cervix after the foetus died.
Endometritis and pyometra tends to become severe and chronic > maternal toxaemia and death; foetal bones may cause perforation.
Describe how you would carry out an investigation of an abortion outbreak ?
Abortion outbreak
Diagnostic rate for determination of cause of abortion < 50% (potentially higher in outbreaks.
Requires examination of the foetus and placental membranes.
- often no tissue available in early embryonic loss
- beware potential zoonosis
- seek advice from a diagnostic laboratory on the range of fresh and fixed samples required
- herd history, age, recent introductions, bull, vaccinations
- serum from dam / herd flock
Whole placenta and lamb to laboratory (Foetus: stomache contents, lungs and kidneys).
Fixed in formulin
- placenta and endometrium (caruncle)
- Foetus (brain, eye, thymus, heart, liver and spleen etc).
Foetal autolysis - foetus died too quickly to initiate parturition, a fresh foetus initiates its own partuition.
Describe what may indicate foetal disstress ?
Indications of foetal distress
- may gasp and aspirate amniotic fluid
- yellow/orange meconium staining of the skin
- a foetus caught in the birth canal will develop localised swellings such as a swollen tongue and face
Identify this lesion in an aborted equine foetus and provide its aetiology ?
Herpesviruses
FOP = Can cause outbreaks of abortions in cattle, horses, pigs, goats and dogs
Clinical signs in foetus
- small focal necrotic lesions in affected organs eg liver
- lymphoid necrosis is common with some histological evidence of intranuclear inclusions
- multiple randomly distributed pale grey/red foci of acute necrosis
- placenta may appear oedematous but usually no other changes visible
Image = EHV1 in equine foetus.
Cattle = Bovine Herpes virus 1 (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis)
You observe an abortion outbreak in pigs with stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death and infertility;
what is you differential diagnosis ?
SMEDI
Stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death and infertility
Porcine parvovirus
Porcine enterovirus
Japanese encephalitis virus
Porcine Parvovirus causes embryonic death and foetal loss and death + mummification of a proportion of the litters.
Affects foetuses to different degrees and at different times during gestation. The foetuses that die early in gestation are usually mummified or reabsorbed.
Identify the below pathology observed in the placenta after foetal loss ?
Bacterial placentitis
Caused by Brucellosis - cow
Transmission = haematogenous or venereal routes
A rare or sporadic disease of all species
-oedema of the intercotyledonary chorioallantois which becomes opaque with a leathery texture.
- variable levels of necrosis of the cotyledons
Identify the below pathology observed in the placenta after foetal loss ?
Bacterial placentitis
Campylobacteriosis
(mostly observed in ruminants)
Transmission = venerally
Causes early embryonic loss / cattle
- bulls become carriers
- cows become immune
- (sheep late abortions or weak born lambs, yellow ares of hepatic necrosis with red depressed centres).
Identify this placental lesion and its possible aetiology ?
Toxoplasma Gondii
An important form of abortion in ewes
Sheep - cat life cycle
Identify this lesion in a placenta following foetal loss ?
Mycotic placentitis
Aspergillus, Absidia, Mucor spp.
There are sporadic fungal abortions in cows and mares
- haematogenous infection in cows
- Fungi enter through the cervix in the horse
Clinical signs
- necrotic cotyledons
- mycotic intercotyldonary space
- marked oedema, fibrosis and thickening of the intercotyldonary placenta - has caused it to become opaque
Gormanis methenamine silver (GMS) stain
Identify 6 possible causes of non infectious abortion in horses ?
Non infectious abortion in horses
- Twinning
- Umbilical cord anomalies ( excessive length, too short, twisted).
- Inadequate villous development, usually secondary to endometrial fibrosis
- Thyroid hyperplasia and musculoskeletal disease
- premature placental seperation
- Body pregnancy (FOP secondary to placental insufficiency and foetal malnutrition).
Identify this lesion and describe its pathology ?
Amniotic plaques
Cattle
Found on the foetal side of the amnion
- incidental finding
- multiple raised plaques, white circular upto 1.5cm
- normal incidental structures composed of stratified keratinising epithelium
Identify this lesion and describe its pathology ?
Hippomane
Incidental finding in the horse allantois
- are the end result of aggregations of sediment in the allantoic fluid
- rubbery flattened discs upto 10cm in diameter
Identify this lesion within the equine placenta ?
Incidental findings - Yolk sac remnant in a horse
Incidental finding.
Minerlised yolk sac remnant - seen on the allantoic portion of the umbilical cord.
Describe the pathology and clinical signs underlying vaginitis and vulvitis ?
Vaginitis and Vulvitis
Pathology
- Common post partuient - laceration from dystocia, periontitis
- granular vulvitis appearance to enlargement of lymphoid follicles
Identify this lesion and describe its pathology ?
Infectious pustular vulvovaginitis
Cattle BHV-1
Transmission = coitus, artificial insemination and possible contact nose/vagina
Clinical signs
Starts with hyperaemia and oedema of the vagina and vulva
- hyperaemia excessive blood flow
- hyperaemia and nodularity
- rapidly coalescing multifocal erosions and ulcerations of the mucosa
Identify this lesion and describe its pathology ?
Coital exanthema
Equine Herpes virus three
Clinical signs
- Transient nodules and erosions on external genitalia of mares and stallions
- large thickness of ulcers on the perineum
Identify two possible causes of Vulval Hypertrophy and oedema ?
Vulval hypertrophy and oedema
(vaginal muscosa swells and may protrude through the vulva).
Potential causes
Sow
- Secondary to hyperoestrogenism
- hyperoestrogenism may be secondary to oestrogen producing tumors
- mycotoxicosis
- may have associated cystic endometrial hyperplasia
Bitches
This occurs commonly in bitches during the follicular stage (prooestrous)
- brachycephalic dogs are susceptable
- increased sensitivity to oestrogen
- may interfere with coitus
- may prolapse and become excoriated and ulcerated.
Identify this neoplasm and describe its pathology ?
Transmissable venereal tumour
Dogs
Pathology
Neoplastic cells transferred at mating
- consist round cells / histiocytic origin
- may spontaneously regress with multifocal areas of necrosis and lymphocytic infiltration
- can metastasize
Clinical signs
- multiple nodular masses on the penis and in the vagina
Identify this neoplasm and describe its pathology ?
Squamous cell carcinoma
Usually observed on the vulva of mares, cattle and ewes
Induced by sun exposure
- more common in ewes that have short tails and mulsed.
What are the defense mechanisms of the male reproductive tract ?
The defence mechanisms of the male reproductive tract
(High antigenicity of sperm - long narrow duct)
This leaves little tolerance for inflammation.
- flushing action of urine and acessory gland secretions (antibacterial)
- neutriphils may infiltrate rapidly but not usually present
- adaptive responses in the testes and inhibited by local immunosuppresion.
-
Identify this lesion and describe its pathology ?
Spermatic granuloma
(pronounced granulomatous reaction)
Spermatozoa and germ cells outside the blood testes barrier are antigenic > unique inflammatory response
Damage to testicular tissue > exposure of spermatozoa
- macrophages
- multinucleate giant cells
- lymphocytes and plasma cells surrounded by fibrous tissue
- fibrous tissue formation
- semiliquid spermatic granuloma
This result in poor fertility, leakage of sperm leads to periorchitis.
Describe the pathology of cryptorchidism ?
Crytorichidism
This is the incomplete descent of the testis - most common disorder of the male reproductive tract.
- often unilateral
- anyway along the path of descent kidney - inguinal ring - scrotum
(not into the scrotal sac)
Atrophy occurs in the retained testicle after puberty
- small
- fibrotic
- micro has collagen deposition
- thickening of tubular basement membrane so that only a few spermatogonia remain.
Identify this lesion and describe its pathology ?
Segmental aplasia of the epididymis
(developmental)
Pathology
- Common in bulls
- affects the body and tail of the epididymis
- usually unilateral
- autosomal recessive disorder
Spermatozoa become impacted due to the blind ended sac
- may lead to dilations and rupture
- spermatic granulomas
Describe the pathology of testicular hypoplasia ?
Testicular Hypoplasia
(incomplete development)
Many causes
- cryptorchidism
- nutritional, zinc deficient
Must be identified microscopically (atrophy appears the same)
- reduced number of seminiferous tubules
- spermatocytes degenerate leaving vaculated cytoplasm in the sertoli vcells
- debris within the lumen
Describe the pathology underlying Testicular Atrophy ?
Testicular Atrophy
(degeneration - fever, chemicals, infection, nutrition)
The testicles reduce in size after puberty
Difficult to differentiate (hypoplasia)
- often appear softer than normal initially
Microscopically
- interstitial fibrosis seperating the seminiferous tubules
- vacuolation of sertoli cells
- wavy basement membrane typical of atrophy
Identify this lesion and describe its pathology ?
Congenital spermatic granuloma of the epididymal head
Pathology
Efferent ducts are blind ended ductiles which fill with spermatozoa - spermatococele (cyst)
- back pressure leads to dilation of the mediastinum and atrophy of the tesicle
What are the portals of entry into the male reproductive system ?
Identify this lesion and describe its pathology and clinical signs ?
Epididymitis
(Usually affects the tail)
Pathology
Haematogenous route = Brucella ovis
Ascending infections
= Escherichia Coli Actinobacillus seminis
Clinical signs
- singular tube so inflammation may lead to obstruction
- unilateral or bilateral
- acute epididymis is soft and swollen
- may lead to a spermatic granuloma or periorchitis
Describe the microscopic changes of epididymitis ?
Microscopic changes of epididymitis
- Neutrophils and spermatozoa in the lumen
- hyperplastic epithelium
- intertubular fibrosis
- Lymphocytes and plasma cells in the interstitium
Identify this lesion and describe its pathology ?
Orchitis
Inflammation of the testicular tissue
Pathology
Most cases are secondary to epididymitis
Brucella abortus
Brucella suis
Corynebacterium
- damaged seminiferous tubules
- release of developing spermatozoa
- calcification
Identify this neoplasm, and describe its pathology ?
Seminoma
(Germ cell neoplasm)
Pathology
More prevalent in crytorchid testicle
- often multicentric
- locally invasive but metastasis is rare
- white, pink-grey and bulges when cut
- fine fibrous trabeculae
Histology
- cells large polyhedral
- discretely demarcated round cells
- large variable sized nucleus, litle cytoplasm
- high mitotic rate
Identify this neoplasm and describe its pathology ?
Interstitial (Leydig) cell tumour
(The most common testicular neoplasm in dog, cat and bulls)
Pathology
Tan to orange in colour often with haemorrhage
- spherical well demarcated
- benign but cause cause testicular atrophy
Cells
- Large round, polyhedral or spindle shaped
- abundant pale eosinophilic cytoplasm
- vacuolated brown pigment
- haemorrhage and necrosis is common
Identify this neoplasm and describe its pathology ?
Sertoli cell tumour
Pathology
- 50% of cases in cryptorchids
- enlargement of testicle
- firm white lobulated
- lots of fibrous tissue
Cells
- tubular structures lined by cells resembling normal sertoli cells
- abundant fibrous tissue
What is the unique affect of setoli cell tumours ?
Sertoli cell tumour
One third of these tumours cause feminisation including gynecomastia
- enlargement of the mammary gland
Secretion of oestrogens
- poorly regenerate anaemia
- thrombocytopaenia
- myelotoxicity
Identify these different types of neoplasm ?
Green = interstitial (Leydig) tumour
Yellow = Seminoma
Blue = Sertoli cell tumour
Identify this lesion and describe its pathology ?
Varicocele
Dilation of the spermatic vein within the pampiniform plexus.
Cause
- injury / infection
- may lead to infertility due to interference with temperature regulation
Describe the pathology and clinical signs of Scirrhous cord?
Scirrhous cord
Inflammation of the spermatic cord following infection of castration wounds.
Cause
- infection of castration wounds
- may also occur secondarily to inguinal hernia
- often Staphylococcus spp
- older stallions are prone to this condition
Clinical signs
- exuberant fibrous tissue
- pockets of purulent tissue
Identify this lesion and describe its pathology ?
Seminal vasculitis
Pathology
Inflammation of the seminal vesicular gland
-can cause significantly reduced fertility in bulls + reduces the survival rate of sperm when frozen
Clinical signs
- Enlarged and firm
-Lost lobulation
- Collagen is deposited in the acini
- the lumens of the acini have neutrophils and desquamated epithelial cells.
Identify this lesion and describe its pathology ?
Prostatic hyperplasia
Age and testosterone dependant condition
- spontaneous development with age in dogs
- hormone related
Hyperplasia is usually uniform (occasionally cystic)
- constipation
- obstruction of urethra
- secondary prostatitis
Describe what causes metaplasia of the prostate gland ?
Identify this lesion and describe its pathology ?
Prostatitis
Can be clinically significant - septicaemia or becomes large enough to block the urethra
Secondary bacterial infection = Escherichia coli
- swollen congested and odematous
- very painful
- purulent inflammation of acini
- chronic inflammation continues to involve the interstitium with absess formation
Identify this neoplasm and describe its pathology ?
Prostatic carcinoma
carcinomas are usually symetrical
- white to grey masses
- lobulated
- exoand the size of the gland
- compress the urethra and colon
Identify this lesion and describe its pathology ?
Persistant Frenulum
(Developmental abnormality)
- relatively common but minor anatomical defect
- important in bulls and boars
- may cause difficulties in prutuding the penis and also may make the erect penis curved rather than straight.
Identify this lesion and describe its pathology ?
Hypospadias
(developmental abnormality)
The urethral opening is on the ventral surface of the penis anywhere from the glans to the perineum
Epispadias
Urethral opening is on the dorsal surface of the penis
The importance of these diseases is the potential to cause urinary obstruction and interfere with normal insemination.
Identify this lesion and describe its pathology ?
Penile haematoma
(Penile Haematoma; penile deviation or broken penis)
The penis is a highly vasculastructure
- common consequence of lacerations, trauma and surgical procedures
- secondary to forced deviation during copulation
Clinical signs
- haematomas develop just cranial to the scrtum
- fibrosis from the haemorrhage may lead to an inability to extend erectile penis (phimosis).
Identify this lesion and describe its pathology ?
Balanoposthitis
(inflammation of the head of the penis and prepuce)
Causes
- occurs most frequently in castrated animals as they tend to urinate into their prepuce
- common in dogs - purulent discharge from prepuce
- gelding - lack of extension of penis; build up of waxy material and bacterial growth
Ovine Posthitis “pizzle rot”
Corynebacterium renale
- occurs in wethers on high protein diets
- ulcer prepucial orfice
Identify this lesion and describe its pathology ?
Preputial prolapse
Bulls of Bos indicus breds tend to have a pendulous sheath
- prone to trauma and laceration
- odema swelling
- prepuce may remain everted (prolapsed) it will swell, drie and become further lacerated
- temporary eversion of the prepuce is common and is related to inadequate muscle control.
Identify this lesion and describe its pathology ?
Identify this lesion and describe its pathology ?
Describe the potential neoplasms of the penis ?
